http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEKsi0jjbsg

• Biology is the study of living things and their vital

processes.

• Very interdisciplinary and broad

• Broken down in hundreds of subdivisions

• Certain themes tie all of these subdivisions together

What is Biology

Principles

of Math

Laws of

Physics

Chemical

Theories

Biological

Concepts

What is Biology 2:10

Is It Alive???All living things have certain characteristics in common. These characteristics may not be present at all stages of a lifecycle, but at some time, these characteristics are all true of all organisms. If you are missing any one of these characteristics, you are not alive. So the question becomes, how do you know if something is alive?

Choose a thing you KNOW is alive. Then come up with a list of observations that support your answer.

Characteristics of Living Things

1. All living things are made up of cells

2. All living things reproduce

3. All living things are based on a universal genetic code

(contain DNA)

4. All living things grow and develop

5. All living things obtain and use material and energy

6. All living things respond to their environment

7. All living things maintain a stable internal environment

(homeostasis)

8. Taken as a species, all living things evolve

Subatomic

Particles

Atoms

Molecules

Organelles

Cells

Tissue

Organs

Organ Systems

Organisms

Populations

Communities

Ecosystems

Biomes

Biosphere

Crash Course Biology: Taxonomy 12:15

Biologists have identified and named about 1.8 million species

Biologists estimate the total number of species to range from

10 million to over 100 million different species

Uniformity among living things

• Made up of cells

• Contain DNA

• Change over time

What is Classification

Taxonomy is the classifying and naming of organisms

Aristotle had two groups – plants and animals

Linnaean SystemIn the 18th century, Carolus Linnaeus organized all living things into

groups and then into levels based on physical characteristics

Order

Kingdom Family

Phylum Genus

Class Species

Domain

In 1990 Domains were

introduced as a way to help

scientists reorganize things

based on new ideas and

discoveries

Origins of DiversityDiversity is the result of Evolution by Natural Selection

• Change of species requires genetic mutations

• Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction

Goal of taxonomy is to determine the evolutionary history of

organisms

• Compare species living today with species in the past

• Development

• Physical anatomy• Biochemistry

• DNA

• Behavior

• Ecological preferences

Phylogeny, Cladistics and Cladograms

Phylogeny – the branch of biology concerned with the

evolutionary history of organisms

• Phylogeny develops a hypothesis and collects data

to support or refute the hypothesis

Cladistics - classification system based on phylogeny

• Each group of related species has one common

ancestor

• Each group retains some ancestral characteristics

• Each group has developed unique characteristics

Cladogram - a branching diagram which acts as a family

(phylogenetic) tree

• Shows how related organisms are

• Based on evolution, not appearance

• Genus and Species

• Italicized

• Genus is capitalized and species is lowercase

Scientific Names

Linnaeus was the first to develop a uniform naming system

– we call it binomial nomenclature

Name consists of genus and species

Canis lupus or Canis lupus

Archaeabacteria

• Prokaryote

• Bacteria living in

extreme environments

• Many unique

characteristics

Eubacteria

• Typical bacteria

• Prokaryote

• Cells contain

peptidoglycan

Eubacteria

• Introduced in 1866

• Catch-all Kingdom

• Plant, animal, and

fungi-like

Fungi

• Originally mistaken for

plants

• Do not photosynthesize

• Absorb material from

ground

Plants

• Photosynthesis

Animals

• “Move”

• “Eat”

Kingdom Type of Cell # Cells Movement Energy Size

Archaebacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Sessile or Motile

Autotrophic or Heterotropic

Microscopic

Eubacteria Prokaryotic(peptidoglycan)

Unicellular Sessile or Motile

Autotrophic or Heterotropic

Microscopic

Protist Eukaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular

Sessile or Motile

Autotrophic or Heterotropic

Microscopic but forms colonies

Fungi Eukaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular

Sessile Heterotrophic Microscopic or Macroscopic

Plant Eukaryotic Multicellular Sessile Autotrophic Macroscopic

Animal Eukaryotic Multicellular Motile Heterotrophic Macroscopic

Prokaryotic – No nucleus

Eukaryotic – Nucleus

Unicellular – Single celled organism

Multicellular – More than one cell to the organism

Sessile – Does not move

Motile – Moves around

Autotrophic – Makes its own food

Heterotrophic – Consumes other things for food