understanding insecticides or 101 ways to kill a cockroach philip g. koehler margie & dempsey...
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Understanding Insecticidesor
101 Ways to Kill a Cockroach
Philip G. Koehler
Margie & Dempsey Sapp Endowed Professor of Urban Entomology
Department of Entomology
University of Florida
Insecticide
• Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating insects.
Modes of Action of Insecticides
Nervous System Energy Production
Cellular Toxins
Cuticular Disrupters
Growth and Metamorphosis
Nervous System• Lethal spasms and seizures
• Insects flip on back
• Legs wiggle uncontrollably
Myths:Insecticide Causes Mad Cow Disease
by Fintan Dunne, Research by Kathy McMahonReprinted from eionews.com, email - news@eionews.com
Prions in human brains are damaged by lice lotions containing organophosphate. This can result in neurological diseases like CJD and Alzheimers later in life.
Insecticides that Affect the
Nervous System Nervous System
permethrindeltamethrin
PyrethroidsDDT
Sodium Channel
Nerves and Pyrethroids
Sodium Channels
Direction of Nerve Impulse Repeated nerve firing
Why do neurons like e-mail?
They like to send and receive lots of messages
Pyrethroids
• Allethrin• Bifenthrin• Cyfluthrin• Permethrin• Cypermethrin• Deltamethrin• d-phenothrin• Tetramethrin
Synthetically produced chemicals based on biologically active compounds in pyrethrum plant
Irritating to skinAllergiesActive at low concentrationsLipophilic
Talstar PL Granular: bifenthrin
• Unique sand core granular • Provides a 2 to 4 month
residual, supplying effective, long-term protection.
• Penetrates mulch and grass, with no watering needed.
• No odor • Low application rates
Pyrethroids Effects
• Action on Human System - Irritant
• Systemic Effects - Minimal
• Irritation Effects - Stinging, burning, itching, tingling, numbness of skin.
Cholinesterase
Insecticides that Affect the
Nervous System Nervous System
propoxurcarbaryl
permethrindeltamethrin
PyrethroidsDDT
Sodium Channel
CarbamatesPhosphates
chlorpyrifosmalathiondiazinon
Neuro-transmitters
Neuro-receptors
What happens when a neurotransmitter falls
in love with a receptor?
You get a binding relationship
Neurotransmitter and Receptor Types
• Small Molecule Neurotransmitter Substances– Acetylcholine (ACh)
– Dopamine (DA)
– Norepinephrine (NE)
– Serotonin (5-HT)
– Histamine
• Amino Acids– Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
– Glycine
– Glutamate
– Aspartate
Targeted by Insecticides
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
• Organophosphates
• Carbamates
ACh
Receptors
Causes repeated nerve firing
Organophosphates and Carbamates
• Organophosphates– Chlorpyrifos– Diazinon– Trichlorfon– Parathion
• Carbamates– carbaryl (Sevin)– propoxur (Baygon)
Chemicals which are derived from phosphoric and carbamic acid and bond with cholinesterase
Acute toxicityNot persistentHyper-excitationInsect flips on back with legs twitchingSulfur in formulation often causes strong odor
Dursban: Chlorpyrifos
• Proven Residual Control– Effective control makes it the perfect product for
maintenance accounts.
– Ability to provide control for several weeks, keeps customers protected between treatments.
• Broad Label for Varied Applications– Broad labeling allows use for almost any application
indoors or out.
– Designed to be used in homes and apartments, hospitals, stores, manufacturing plants and warehouses.
Organophosphate Effects• Action on Human System - Inhibits acetylcholinesterase
enzyme in tissues.
• Systemic Effects - Headache, dizziness, weakness, shaking, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, sweating.
• Irritation Effects - Minimal rashes, but readily absorbed through the skin.
• Delayed/Allergic Effects - Loss of appetite, weakness, weight loss, and general feeling of sickness. Occasionally permanent harm to brain and nervous system.
N-Methyl Carbamates Effects
• Action on Human System - Reversible changes in acetylcholinesterase enzyme in tissues.
• Systemic Effects - Headache, dizziness, weakness, shaking, nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea, sweating.
• Irritation Effects - Minimal rashes, but readily absorbed through the skin.
• Delayed/Allergic Effects - Loss of appetite, weakness, weight loss, and general feeling of sickness.
When does a brain get scared?
When it loses its nerve
Insecticides that Affect the
Nervous System Nervous System
propoxurcarbaryl
permethrindeltamethrin
PyrethroidsDDT
Sodium Channel
CarbamatesPhosphates
Imidacloprid
Acetylcholine receptor
Cholinesterase
chlorpyrifosmalathiondiazinon
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine Receptor• Nicotine
• Chloronicotinyls
• Fluoronicotinyls
ACh-receptors
ACh
MuscarinicReceptors
Nicotinic Receptors
Chloronicotinyls
• Imidacloprid– Advantage -- pet treatment– Merit -- turf ornamentals– Premise -- termites
Affects insects first by paralyzing mouthpartsWater solubleSystemic in plantsSlow action
Premise: Imidacloprid
• No odor • Not repellent to termites• Low risk to your family, your pets, your home• Premise causes a range of effects:
– Pests stop feeding
– Premise Plus Nature™. This phenomenon makes termites susceptible to infection by naturally occurring organisms.
• Lateral Soil Movement causes spread to ensure thorough soil coverage
Insecticides that Affect the
Nervous System Nervous System
propoxurcarbaryl
permethrindeltamethrin
PyrethroidsDDT
Sodium Channel
chlordaneheptachlor
Cyclodienes
fipronil
Phenyl pyrazoles
GABA Receptor
CarbamatesPhosphates
Imidacloprid
Acetylcholine Receptor
Cholinesterase
chlorpyrifosmalathiondiazinon
GABA
GABA receptor
GABA Receptor in Central Nervous System
• Phenyl pyrazoles
• or
• Fiproles
GABA-receptors
GABAChloride ions
Fipronil
If some of Fred Flintstone's neurotransmitters
could talk, what would they say?
GABA-daba-doo
Phenyl pyrazoles• Fipronil
– Chipco Choice -- mole crickets & grubs– Termidor -- termites– Regent -- corn– Frontline -- flea & tick– MaxForce FC -- cockroaches and ants
Most lipophilic insecticide ever discoveredPersistent in soilSpread among social insects on bodies4 months of residual on dogs (binds to oils
in sebaceous glands)cross-resistance from cyclodienes
MaxForce FC: Fipronil
• Unique mode of action:– long-term control
– faster results than other ant and cockroach bait products
• Fipronil is a highly active, broad-spectrum insecticide from the phenyl pyrazole family– discovered in 1987
– low doses
– highly effective against a broad range of insect pests, including ants and roaches
Insecticides that Affect the
Nervous System Nervous System
propoxurcarbaryl
permethrindeltamethrin
PyrethroidsDDT
Sodium Channel
abamectin
Avermectins
Glutamate Receptor
chlordaneheptachlor
Cyclodienes
fipronil
Fiproles
GABA Receptor
CarbamatesPhosphates
Imidacloprid
Acetylcholine Receptor
Cholinesterase
chlorpyrifosmalathiondiazinon
Glutamate Receptor in Central Nervous System
• Avermectins– Abamectin
Glutamate-receptors
Glutamate
Glutamate
GlutamateReceptors
Abamectin
Avermectins
• Abamectin– Avert -- cockroaches– Advance -- ants
Produced from soil microbials. Stomach poison for ants and cockroaches
slow actinglow toxicity to mammals
Avert and Advance
• Attractive, long-lasting bait formulations
• Highly effective active ingredient
Insecticides that Affect the
Nervous System Nervous System
propoxurcarbaryl
permethrindeltamethrin
PyrethroidsDDT
Sodium Channel
abamectin
Avermectins
Glutamate Receptor
chlordaneheptachlor
Cyclodienes
fipronil
Fiproles
GABA Receptor
CarbamatesPhosphates
Imidacloprid
Acetylcholine Receptor
Cholinesterase
chlorpyrifosmalathiondiazinon
Why was the brain sent to the principal's office?
It had trouble controlling its impulses
Mitochondrial Energy Disrupters
• Electron transport– Hydramethylnon
• Oxidative phosphorylation– Rotenone– Pyrroles
• chlorfenapyr
– Fluorinated sulfonamids• sulfluramid
Mitochondria
Mitochondria Structures
Energy Production in cells• The chief function of the mitochondria is to create energy by
aerobic respiration. – Glucose is broken down in the cell's cytoplasm to form pyruvic acid
• Krebs Cycle:– Pyruvic acid goes through the Krebs cycle in mitochondria
• Reacts with water to produce carbon dioxide and ten hydrogen atoms
• Electron transport:– Hydrogen atoms are transported on coenzymes to the cristae,
– Hydrogen atoms donated to the electron transport chain.
• Oxidative Phosphorylation -- ADP to ATP
Uh, yeah, Homework Help Line?I need to have you explain the Krebs cycle in roughly the amount of time it takes to get a cup of coffee.
Blockers of Electron Transport
Hydramethylnon
Hydramethylnon• MaxForce -- cockroaches and ants
• Siege -- cockroaches
• Combat -- cockroaches and ants
• Amdro -- fire ants
Yellowish active ingredient that stains. Therefore, it is formulated as bait rather than a spray.
Delayed actionInsects come to a stopUnstable in sunlight
MaxForce: Hydramethylnon
• Powerful delayed-action makes it an ideal active ingredient for bait products. – traditional insecticides affect the nervous system and quickly
produce hyperexcitation and convulsions, – hydramethylnon works gradually as a metabolic poison.
• After a single feeding, no immediate symptoms of poisoning– Within hours, the insects become lethargic and stop eating. – Insects die within 24 to 72 hours. Death caused by inhibiting the
formation of ATP.– Without the formation of ATP, insects simply run out of gas.
Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation
RotenoneSulfluramidChlorfenapyr
Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Rotenone -- botanical
• Sulfluramid -- surfactant used originally in floor cleaning compounds
• Pyrroles: chlorfenapyr– new class of insecticides– Trade name: Phantom
FluorGuard: Sulfluramid
• FluorGuard™ Ant Control Baits are effective against a broad spectrum of ants, including:– Argentine Ants – Pharaoh Ants– Pavement Ants – Various Household Ants
Cellular Toxins
• Inorganics– Copper
– Boric acid
– Borax
– Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate
• Fumigants– Sulfuryl fluoride
– Methyl bromide
– Phosphine (aluminum or magnesium phosphide)
– Naphthalene
– Paradichlorobenzene
BORA-CARE or Tim-bor
• Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate – Excellent kill and preventative for wood
destroying organisms
– Applied to bare wood to prevent the home from being a food source for termites.
– Wood treatment eliminates potential soil or water contamination.
Boric Acid Effects
• Action on Human System - Irritant; harms stomach, intestines, blood system, and brain.
• Systemic Effects - Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, blood in vomit and feces, headache, weakness, tremors, restlessness.
• Irritation Effects - Irritates and burns skin and respiratory tract.
Vikane: Sulfuryl fluoride
• Proven Effectiveness– More than 30 years of university research, practical use
and published reports.
• Peace-of-Mind Control– Only treatment for drywood termites that effectively
penetrates the entire structure.
• Cost-Effective Option– Fumigation eliminates all existing infestations throughout
the entire structure in one application.
Phostoxin: phosphine
• Used to fumigate– stored food– seed– grain
• DEGESCH operates a manufacturing facility in the beautiful Shenandoah Valley that produces the aluminum phosphide product, Phostoxin.
Cuticular Disrupters
• Silica gel– Amorphous, nonabrasive– Absorbs 3 times its weight in oils and waxes– Insect dehydrates and dies
• Diatomaceous earth– It is fossilized silica remains of diatoms – Both abrasive and absorptive– Absorbs wax layer of insect cuticle, but also works by abrading
the cuticle
Wax Layer
Tri-Die: Silica Gel
• Naturally derived repellent residual dust with contact kill.
• It contains 1% pyrethrum, 10% piperonyl butoxide, and 40% amorphous silica.
Insect Growth Regulators
• Juvenile hormone analogs or mimics
• Chitin inhibitors (benzoylphenyl ureas)
Juvenile Hormone Products
• Methoprene -- not stable in sunlight– Altosid
– PharaohRid
– Extinguish Fire Ant Bait
• Hydroprene -- not stable in sunlight– Gencor
• Pyriproxyfen -- stable in sunlight– Archer
• Neem (azodiractin) -- no good formulations
Cockroach affected by hydroprene
Archer: Pyriproxyfen
• Target Both Cockroaches and Fleas with one IGR – Unique mode of action – Low use rates – Lasting residual activity – Photostable for long-term control
Juvenile Hormone Analog Effects
• Action on Human System - Very low systemic toxicity.
• Systemic Effects - Minimal
Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSI)
• Diflubenzuron (Dimilin)• Hexaflumuron (Recruit bait used in
Sentricon)• Lufenuron (Program)• Affect insect’s ability to molt by
shutting off synthesis of chitin
Normal
CSI affected
Termite workers
Sentricon with Recruit II Bait
• First product approved under the EPA's new Reduced Risk Pesticide Initiative.
• Workers ingest bait and pass it along to other members of the termite colony.
• Impacts termites by inhibiting their molting process
Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor Effects
• Action on Human System - Low systemic toxicity.
• Systemic Effects - Minimal
Modes of Action of Insecticides
Nervous System Energy Production
Cellular Toxins
Cuticular Disrupters
Growth and Metamorphosis
What did the brain say during its retirement speech?
Thanks for the memories
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