typological classification of languages

Typological Classification of Languages

• Languages are described by their types rather than by their origins and relationships

• The type under which languages are classified follows morphological classification

Definition

• Isolating

• Agglutinating/agglutinative

• Inflecting/flectional/fusional

• Polysynthetic/incorporating

Language Types

• One-to-one correspondence between words and morphemes

• One word formations• Free morphemes are the only forms

used• The “word” (free morpheme) can occur

by itself and is not dependent on any other morphemes.

Isolating languages

• It is an unalterable unit whose function in the sentence is not usually marked by some grammatical device (affix, auxiliary) but only by position.

• Since the boundaries of syllables and morphemes coincide, these languages are sometimes referred to as monosyllabic.

Isolating languages

• Examples: Chinese, Vietnamese, and many languages of South East Asia

• Ex (Chinese): 我看他 wo kan ta

“I see him”; “I am seeing him”他看我朋友 Ta kan wo peng you

“He sees my friend”

Isolating Languages

Flexional/Fusional/InflectingLanguages

• Grammatical devices like affixes or internal changes in words to show grammatical relationships

• Free and bound morphemes are united

• Ex. Walk, walk-s, walk-ing, walk-ed

• Internal change: mouse-mice goose-geese

Flexional/Fusional/InflectingLanguages (2)

• Several units of meaning are contained within a single world– Latin, ib “I shall go” (base: i “go”; -b(i)- is

the future tense morpheme; -- ‘is the first person singular

– Sanskrit vadmi (vad- the base ‘speak’; (a)mi) ‘first person singular’

Agglutinating/AgglutinativeLanguages

• A type of flexional language with the exception that the morphemes attached have a separate existence (= free morpheme)

• Implication: the boundaries between the morphemes are always clear because their shape remains the same

Agglutinating/AgglutinativeLanguages: Example

• Turkish adam ‘man’– nominative: adam (sg) adam-lar (pl)– accusative: adam-i (sg) adam-lar-i (pl)– genitive: adam-in adam-lar-in (pl)– dative: adam-a adam-lar-a– locative adam-da adam-lar-da– ablative adam-dan adam-lar-dan

Agglutinative vs Flexional

Hungarian

• Nom. su “water”• Gen. su-num • Acc. su-yu• Abl. su-dan

Latin

• aqua• aquæ• aquam• aqu

Japanese tabesaserareru

• tabe “eat” (the base)

• sase “the causative element (i.e. to cause someone to do something)

• rare “the passive form”

• ru “the infinitive”

• Grammatical changes are indicated by prefixes:– -toto (indicating ‘child’: non-grammatical)– m-toto (‘child’ singular: grammatical word)– wa-toto (“children”)– m-tu (“man-sg.”)– wa-tu (“men”)

Swahili

• Verbs: The time of the action expressed by the verb is marked by a “tense prefix”: – na- (present)– li- (past)– ta- (future

Swahili (2)

• Verb base soma ‘read’– watoto wanasoma– watoto walisoma– ninasoma (ni- is first person)– unasoma (u- is you-sg.)– ulisoma– utasoma

Swahili (3)

Polysynthetic/Incorporating Languages

• These languages make use of affixation and often incorporate what English would represent with nouns and adverbs.

• The word forms are often very long and morphologically complex

• Languages: Inuktitut (Baffin Island Eskimo), Oneida)

Polysynthetic/Incorporating Languages (2)

• g-nagla-sl-i-zak-s– g “I” (first person)– nagla (conveys idea of) “living”– sl (causes nagla to be noun-like; the

combination conveys the idea of “village”)– i verbal prefix, indicates that zak is to carry a

verbal idea– zak ‘look for’– s ‘continued action

Polysynthetic/Incorporating Languages (3)

• ngirruunthingapukani

• I past for some time eat repeatedly

Polysynthetic/Incorporating Languages (4)

• Tavva- -guuq ikpiarju(q) -ku(t) Then (suddenly) they say work-bag by

• -Luni- tigualaka -mi -uk takanu- while she swept up (loc) by (poss) that one

(in one motion) there below

• -nga ikijaq- tuq- Luni quja(q)r- mun her way out she kayak towards

• “Then (suddenly) she swept up (poss) work-bag that one there below her she way out towards kayak”

• None of these four types are mutually exclusive.

• In English, there is a movement towards a more isolating type of structure.

• Yet, all elements appear in English.

Non-exclusivity

• Isolating: The boy will ask the girl.

• Inflecting: The biggest boys will be

asking all the girls to the party.• Agglutinating: anti-dis-establish-ment-

arian-ism• Incorporating: “whacchamacallit”

“This is the whatchamacallit.

English