transport planning: case study bogota, columbia
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bogo
ta
“TRANSPORTATION FOR THE PEOPLE” BY ABDUL MONIR, S.I.B
REPU
BLIC
OF
COLU
MBI
A
WHERE IS REPUBLIC OF
COLUMBIA ACTUALLY ?
AND WHERE IS BOGOTA ?
Bogota is the
capital, and the largest city of
Columbia .
dem
ogra
phic
7 Million inhabitants, 15%
of Columbia population
Covers an area of 37,414 Ha
High densities (310 Hab/Ha)
1Mil
Million private vehicles
1538-1912 1912-1939 1950 1970 1990 2008
Bogota urban population x50 during 100 years time
1.2 149 hab/ha 156 hab/ha 222 hab/ha 250 hab/ha 306 hab/ha 310 hab/ha
Buenos Aires
Sao Paolo Mexico City
Bogota
9.2 7.5
5.5 4.3
GDP Annual % (2010)
GDP ANNUAL % FOR Bogota (2010) = 4.3%
Transport sector
71% of motorized trips
are by bus
Car ownership is low, one car : 9 inhabitants
26,0000 old buses, operated by large number of owner operators and mini-companies
Congestion problems
Increasing reliance on automobile
Lack of institutional capacity in the city government Low level of investment Problems in legislation
Evolution of
bogota Transport planning
and policies
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
2000
MULE TRAM
84
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
2000
MULE TRAM
84
ELECTRIC TRAM
10
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
2000
MULE TRAM
84
ELECTRIC TRAM
10
26
51 FIRST BUS
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
2000
MULE TRAM
84
ELECTRIC TRAM
10
26
51 FIRST BUS
FIRST ELECTRIC BUS
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
2000
MULE TRAM
84
ELECTRIC TRAM
10
26
51 FIRST BUS
FIRST ELECTRIC BUS
CURRENT BUS
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
2000
MULE TRAM
84
ELECTRIC TRAM
10
26
51
TRANSMILENIO
FIRST BUS
FIRST ELECTRIC BUS
CURRENT BUS
1980 The Bogotans were calling the city “un enfierno” means a living hell !
1995
Transportation system infamous for taking four hours to commute from south to north
3,300 murders
1400 traffic deaths
ANALYSTS AGREED THAT THE MAIN CAUSES OF THE SEVERE CONGESTION IN BOGOTA IS THE LACK OF CAPABLE instituition TO PLAN, BUILD, OPERATE AND MAINTAIN THE CITY’S TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM.
1998 “I don’t judge the success of a city by how many people own cars but I judge that city by how many rich people take the bus“
Enrique Peñalosa Londoño
Elected mayor of Bogota in 1998
To make people to use public transport in Colombian capital & vision for a better city
Penalosa scheme – “an integrated mobility strategy”
What is the strategy ? Everything starts with Transmilenio
1998 “I don’t judge the success of a city by how many people own cars but I judge that city by how many rich people take the bus“
Enrique Peñalosa Londoño
Elected mayor of Bogota in 1998
To make people to use public transport in Colombian capital & vision for a better city.
Penalosa scheme – “an integrated mobility strategy”
What is the strategy ? Everything starts with Transmilenio
Addition to main bus lines
1998 “I don’t judge the success of a city by how many people own cars but I judge that city by how many rich people take the bus“
Enrique Peñalosa Londoño
Elected mayor of Bogota in 1998
To make people to use public transport in Colombian capital & vision for a better city.
Penalosa scheme – “an integrated mobility strategy”
What is the strategy ? Everything starts with Transmilenio
Addition to main bus lines
Ciclo Rutas (path ways for cyclist)
1998 “I don’t judge the success of a city by how many people own cars but I judge that city by how many rich people take the bus“
Enrique Peñalosa Londoño
Elected mayor of Bogota in 1998
To make people to use public transport in Colombian capital & vision for a better city.
Penalosa scheme – “an integrated mobility strategy”
What is the strategy ? Everything starts with Transmilenio
Addition to main bus lines
Ciclo Rutas (path ways for cyclist)
A system of pedestrian walkways
1998 “I don’t judge the success of a city by how many people own cars but I judge that city by how many rich people take the bus“
Enrique Peñalosa Londoño
Elected mayor of Bogota in 1998
To make people to use public transport in Colombian capital & vision for a better city.
Penalosa scheme – “an integrated mobility strategy”
What is the strategy ? Everything starts with Transmilenio
Addition to main bus lines
Ciclo Rutas (path ways for cyclist)
A system of pedestrian walkways
Create metrovivienda land bank
MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM BY BUSES - TRANSMILENIO
“traffic congestion is never solved by building roads” Enrique Peñalosa Londoño
What is TRANSMILENIO ? A concept borrowed from Curitiba, Brazil An innovative bus rapid system Opening in 2000, Phase 1 of Transmilenio was the first functioning mass transit system for the city 2005 system had expanded to 4 lines stretching 55 km Plans call for Transmilenio – covering 400 km of
dedicated busways and serving 5.5 mil passengers per day Creating a functional, livable, and sustainable city
Little of Transmilenio
_____________________
daily passengers along a busy 40-km road axis 36,000 persons per direction per hour the TransMilenio buses are running three times as fast as a typical New York bus, which equals 28 km an hour
= 100,000
TRANSMILENIO elements
transmilenio Success graph
transmilenio Success graph
32 %
red
ucti
on in
ave
rage
tra
vel t
ime b
y bu
s
transmilenio Success graph
32 %
red
ucti
on in
ave
rage
tra
vel t
ime b
y bu
s
93 %
dro
p in
bus
acc
iden
ts
transmilenio Success graph
32 %
red
ucti
on in
ave
rage
tra
vel t
ime b
y bu
s
93 %
dro
p in
bus
acc
iden
ts
98 %
pas
seng
er a
ppro
val r
atin
g &
high
er p
rope
rty
valu
e alo
ng
busw
ay c
orri
dor
transmilenio Success graph
32 %
red
ucti
on in
ave
rage
tra
vel t
ime b
y bu
s
93 %
dro
p in
bus
acc
iden
ts
98 %
pas
seng
er a
ppro
val r
atin
g &
high
er p
rope
rty
valu
e alo
ng
busw
ay c
orri
dor 21
% o
f tr
ansm
ileni
o ri
ders
are
for
mer
car
dri
vers
transmilenio Success graph
32 %
red
ucti
on in
ave
rage
tra
vel t
ime b
y bu
s
93 %
dro
p in
bus
acc
iden
ts
98 %
pas
seng
er a
ppro
val r
atin
g &
high
er p
rope
rty
valu
e alo
ng
busw
ay c
orri
dor
40 %
dro
p in
air
pol
luti
on le
vel
21 %
of
tran
smile
nio
ride
rs a
re f
orm
er c
ar d
rive
rs
transmilenio Success graph
32 %
red
ucti
on in
ave
rage
tra
vel t
ime b
y bu
s
93 %
dro
p in
bus
acc
iden
ts
98 %
pas
seng
er a
ppro
val r
atin
g &
high
er p
rope
rty
valu
e alo
ng
busw
ay c
orri
dor 21
% o
f tr
ansm
ileni
o ri
ders
are
for
mer
car
dri
vers
40 %
dro
p in
air
pol
luti
on le
vel
32 %
dec
line
in a
vera
ge c
omm
utin
g ti
me
Ciclorutas – bogota
bike path networks
“I believe that providing quality sidewalks and protected bikeways on all roads is a basic element of democracy”
Enrique Peñalosa Londoño
Most extensive and comprehensive network of bike paths – 350km protected
bike ways, Embellished with landscaping
A mesh concept
Funded largely by rejecting urban highways and an expensive rail system
About ciclorutas
Why ciclorutas ?
Why ciclorutas ?
Mixed land use pattern
Why ciclorutas ?
Mixed land use pattern
Simple & effective way to use city finances to
create a transport system that benefit
people
Why ciclorutas ?
Mixed land use pattern
Simple & effective way to use city finances to
create a transport system that benefit
people
Promoting Transportation
equality
Network hierarchy
Main Network connects the main centres of the city in a direct and expeditious manner
Secondary Network leads riders to the main network
Complementary Network It consists of additional bike paths that are required to complete the mesh system
ciclorutas elements
Ciclorutas would not be successful . . .
Ciclorutas would not be successful . . . without city policies
Ciclorutas would not be successful . . . without city policies
Pico y placa - License tag system
Raised taxes on gas and parking
Installing bollards along the roads
“Car-Free Day”
Main streets are closed for seven hours on Sunday – “huge ciclovia”
“Mission Bogota”
Transmilenio bus system
Bicycles use quintupled in the city
300,000 to 400,000 trips made daily by
bicycle
Benefit those living in the
poorer southern part of the city
Spend family time together by cycling on car-free day
ciclorutas impacts
Metrovivienda “housing for the poor”
“putting housing near stations helps the city’s poor by killing two Birds
using one stone – providing improved housing and public transport services” Enrique Peñalosa Londoño
Before metrovivienda Between 1961 & 2001, 6500 Hectares of land were illegally occupied
375 000 slum residences have been illegally built in 1 433 different clandestinos
few public services and limited availability of public transport
18% of urban land consumed
22% of the population lived in informal settlements in 2000
Average daily commute time for residents of Bogota’s informal housing is more than 2 hours
clandestinos
met
rovi
vien
da
land banking / poverty-alleviation : blending affordable housing and affordable public transport introduced in 1999 the city acquires plots in open agricultural areas at relatively cheap prices, plats and titles land provided with public utilities, roads and open space 2005 – 3 of 4 metrovivienda projects have been built near one of
transmilenio terminuses number of jobs reachable in an hour ‘s travel time - increased by threefold
Acquisition of land well in advance of the arrival of Transmilenio service
IMPORTANT ASPECT OF METROVIVIENDA PROJECT
Acquisition of land well in advance of the arrival of Transmilenio service
IMPORTANT ASPECT OF METROVIVIENDA PROJECT
ENABLED THE ORGANIZATION TO ACQUIRE LAND BEFORE PRICES ARE INFLATED BY ARRIVAL OF TRANSMILENIO
Acquisition of land well in advance of the arrival of Transmilenio service
IMPORTANT ASPECT OF METROVIVIENDA PROJECT
ENABLED THE ORGANIZATION TO ACQUIRE LAND BEFORE PRICES ARE INFLATED BY ARRIVAL OF TRANSMILENIO
STUDY SHOWED THAT THOSE RESIDING CLOSE TO TRANSMILENIO STATIONS PAYING HIGHER MONTHLY RENTS
Acquisition of land well in advance of the arrival of Transmilenio service
IMPORTANT ASPECT OF METROVIVIENDA PROJECT
ENABLED THE ORGANIZATION TO ACQUIRE LAND BEFORE PRICES ARE INFLATED BY ARRIVAL OF TRANSMILENIO
STUDY SHOWED THAT THOSE RESIDING CLOSE TO TRANSMILENIO STATIONS PAYING HIGHER MONTHLY RENTS
METROVIVIENDA KEEPS PRICES AFFORDABLE FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLD
Acquisition of land well in advance of the arrival of Transmilenio service
IMPORTANT ASPECT OF METROVIVIENDA PROJECT
ENABLED THE ORGANIZATION TO ACQUIRE LAND BEFORE PRICES ARE INFLATED BY ARRIVAL OF TRANSMILENIO
STUDY SHOWED THAT THOSE RESIDING CLOSE TO TRANSMILENIO STATIONS PAYING HIGHER MONTHLY RENTS
METROVIVIENDA KEEPS PRICES AFFORDABLE FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLD
MORE AFFORDABLE TRANSPORTATION
METROVIVIENDA IS AN EXAMPLER OF ACCESSIBILITY-BASED PLANNING IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY
IMPROVED ACCESS TO JOBS, SHOPS AND SERVICES REDUCING THE JOINT COSTS OF WHAT OFTEN CONSUMES 2/3 OF THE POOR’S INCOME : HOUSING AND TRANSPORT
What is the Future for bogota transport system ?
Bogota target : Become a model development for developing countries
42%
18%
16%
15%
6% 3%
Column1 Public Transport (buses different from Transmilenio)
Transmilenio
Walking
Car
Others
Bike
The current city administration has launched an ambitious program to create a new business and operational scheme of public passenger transport :
the Integrated Public Transport System (SITP)
SITP
Collective transport
Trans- milenio
subway Commuter
Rail system
Road transport
Future stages
Man behind sitp : mayor samuel moreno
STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION
STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION PHASE I Preparation for implementation of the SITP
PHASE II Gradual implementation of the operation. Upon completion of Phase 1.
STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION PHASE I Preparation for implementation of the SITP
PHASE II Gradual implementation of the operation. Upon completion of Phase 1
STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION PHASE I Preparation for implementation of the SITP
PHASE II Gradual implementation of the operation. Upon completion of Phase 1
PHASE III Integrated operation of SITP
STAGE OF IMPLEMENTATION PHASE I Preparation for implementation of the SITP
PHASE II Gradual implementation of the operation. Upon completion of Phase 1
PHASE III Integrated operation of SITP
PHASE IV Integration with rail modes
Bogota transport awards
the first ever winner of the Sustainable Transport Award (2005) : TransMilenio Bus Rapid Transit System : the city’s commitment to integrating bicycle infrastructure with mass transit : redefining and reclaiming public space for its citizens
El Final gracias
refe
renc
es Cervero, r. (2005) . Progressive transport and the poor : bogota’s bold step forward
Despacio, a. (2008). Bogota : edging back from the brink. Sustainable transport / winter 2008 Ho, Susan. (2007). Bogota bikeways : a network supported by policies and transmilenio. Green design and the city, transportation paper Ardila, A. and menckhoff, g. (2008). Transportation policies in bogota, columbia. Building a transportation system for the people. Transportation research record 1817, pg 130-131 Ingram, r. (2011). This is not a bus. Brunswick issue 4, summer 2011 Saavedra, n.s. (2009). The evolution of transportation planning in bogota. Universidad nationale de columbia, traffic and transport research program. Pg 2-44 Ardila, a. (2005). Study of urban public transport conditions in bogota, columbia. The world bank group and ppiaf Transmilenio s a informa (2010). Transmilenio s a informa [online] available at http://www.transmilenio.gov.co/WebSite/Default.aspx. accessed on 25th november 2011
refe
renc
es Bogota new transit system (2011). New york times [online] available at
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2009/07/10/world/0710BOGOTAindex.html. accessed on 26th november 2011 The Integrated Public Transportation System- SITP, will bring Quality of Life (2011). Bogota positiva, bogota city hall. Available at http://www.bogota.gov.co/portel/libreria/php/ xframedetalleportalEng.php?id39428&patron01.28. accessed on 27th november 2011 Eckerson jr, c. (2007) Ciclovia: A Moving Experience in Bogota, Colombia. Streetsblog.org [online] available at http://www.streetsblog.org/2007/12/03/ciclovia-a-moving-experience-in-bogota/. Accessed on 26th november 2011 sustainable cities , a part of danish architecture centres (2010). Bogota : more bikes and busses, fewer cars. Sustainable cities [online] available at http://sustainablecities.dk/ en/city-projects/cases/bogota-more-bikes-and-buses-fewer-cars. accessed on 25th november 2011 Ospina, a. and mosquera, v. (2007). Historia del transporte publico en bogota [online] available at http://www.museovintage.com/transporte/index.php. accessed on 26th november 2011
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