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Adrenal Glands Disorder
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Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands are
orange-colored endocrine
glands which are located
on the top of both kidneys.The adrenal glands are triangular shaped and
measure about one-half inch in height and 3 inches
in length.
Each gland consists of a medulla (the center ofthe gland) which is surrounded by the cortex.
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Function of the adrenal glands?
They produce hormones that control many important functions in thebody, such as:
Maintaining metabolic processes, such as managing blood sugar levelsand regulating inflammation
Regulating the balance of salt and water (cortexcortisone and
aldosterone.)
Controlling the "fight or flight" response to stress(medulla -----epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline)
Maintaining pregnancy
Initiating and controlling sexual maturation during childhood andpuberty.
The adrenal glands are also an important source of sex steroids, such asestrogen and testosterone.
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What are adrenal gland disorders?
Adrenal gland disorders (or diseases) are conditions that
interfere with the normal functioning of the adrenal glands.
They are characterized by adrenal insufficiencies, where there
are deficiencies in the availability of steroids that are produced
by the adrenal glands.
Adrenal gland disorders are challenging to diagnose, but if left
untreated, they are life threatening and can be very deadly.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland -
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Pheochromocytoma
A pheochromocytoma is a rare, catecholamine-secretingtumor derived from chromaffin cells.
When such tumors arise outside of the adrenal gland,they are termed extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas, orparagangliomas.
Because of excessive catecholamine secretion,
pheochromocytomas may precipitate life-threateninghypertension or cardiac arrhythmias.
If the diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma is overlooked,the consequences can be disastrous, even fatal.
Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors results in elevatedblood pressure, increased cardiac contractility,glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal relaxation.Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors results in anincrease in heart rate and contractility.
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988683-overviewhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988683-overview -
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Tumor surrounding major vessels
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Symptoms
Someone with a pheochromocytoma usually has three classicsymptoms -- headache, sweating, and heart palpitations (a fast
heart beat) in association with markedly elevated blood pressure
(hypertension).
Other conditions that may accompany these classic symptoms
are: anxiety, nausea,tremors, weakness, abdominal pain, and
weight loss.
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20628http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=437http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=42985http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24732http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=504http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=64119http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=1908http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=18262http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=18262http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=1908http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=64119http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=504http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24732http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=42985http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=437http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20628 -
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Cushing's syndrome Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by
prolonged exposure of the body's tissues to high levels of the
hormone cortisol.
Sometimes called "hypercortisolism," it is relatively rare andmost commonly affects adults aged 20 to 50. An estimated 10
to 15 of every million people are affected each year.
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Addisons Disease
Also chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortisolism,
and hypoadrenalism is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder in
which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid
hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency -
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Symptoms
May develop insidiously, and it may take some time to berecognised.
The most common symptoms are:
fatigue,lightheadedness upon standing or while upright, muscle
weakness, fever, weight loss, difficulty in standing up,
anxiety, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, sweating, changes
in mood and personality, andjoint and muscle pains.
Some have marked cravings for salt or salty foods due to the
urinary losses of sodium.
Increased tanning may be noted, particularly in sun-exposedareas, as well as darkening of the palmar creases, sites of
friction, recent scars, the vermilion border of the lips, and
genital skin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightheadednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weaknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weaknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_tanninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion_borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion_borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_tanninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weaknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weaknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightheadednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms -
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Hyperpigmentation of buccal mucosa inAddison's disease
Unnatural dark color in someareas seen in Addisons
Disease
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Maintenance
Replacement of the missing cortisol, sometimes in the form
ofhydrocortisone tablets, or prednisone tablets in a dosing
regimen that mimics the physiological concentrations of
cortisol.
Alternatively one quarter as much prednisolone may be used for
equal glucocorticoid effect as hydrocortisone.
Treatment must usually be continued for life.
In addition, many patients require fludrocortisone as replacement
for the missing aldosterone.
Caution must be exercised when the person with Addison's
disease becomes unwell with infection, has surgery orother trauma, or becomes pregnant. In such instances, their
replacement glucocorticoids, whether in the form of
hydrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, or other equivalent,
often need to be increased.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocortisonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisolonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fludrocortisonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_traumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_traumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fludrocortisonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisolonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocortisone -
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Symptoms
It can be asymptomatic, but the following symptoms may be
present:Fatigue
Headache
High blood pressure
Hypokalemia
HypernatraemiaHypomagnesemia
Intermittent or temporary paralysis
Muscle spasms
Muscle weakness
Numbness
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Tingling
Metabolic alkalosis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernatraemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomagnesemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spasmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weaknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydipsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_alkalosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_alkalosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydipsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weaknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spasmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomagnesemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernatraemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatic -
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Treatment
If a tumor is found, it can usually be surgically removed.
When the tumor is removed, blood pressure returns to normal,
and other symptoms disappear about 70% of the time.
If no tumor is found and both glands are overactive, partial
removal of the adrenal glands may not control high blood
pressure, and complete removal will produce Addison's disease,
requiring treatment for life.
However, spironolactone or eplerenone
can usually control the symptoms, and drugs for high blood
pressure are readily available. Rarely do both adrenal glands
have to be removed.
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