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Adrenal Glands Disorder


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Adrenal Glands

The adrenal glands are

orange-colored endocrine

glands which are located

on the top of both kidneys.The adrenal glands are triangular shaped and

measure about one-half inch in height and 3 inches

in length.

Each gland consists of a medulla (the center ofthe gland) which is surrounded by the cortex.


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Function of the adrenal glands?

They produce hormones that control many important functions in thebody, such as:

Maintaining metabolic processes, such as managing blood sugar levelsand regulating inflammation

Regulating the balance of salt and water (cortexcortisone and

aldosterone.)

Controlling the "fight or flight" response to stress(medulla -----epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline)

Maintaining pregnancy

Initiating and controlling sexual maturation during childhood andpuberty.

The adrenal glands are also an important source of sex steroids, such asestrogen and testosterone.


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What are adrenal gland disorders?

Adrenal gland disorders (or diseases) are conditions that

interfere with the normal functioning of the adrenal glands.

They are characterized by adrenal insufficiencies, where there

are deficiencies in the availability of steroids that are produced

by the adrenal glands.

Adrenal gland disorders are challenging to diagnose, but if left

untreated, they are life threatening and can be very deadly.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_gland


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Pheochromocytoma

A pheochromocytoma is a rare, catecholamine-secretingtumor derived from chromaffin cells.

When such tumors arise outside of the adrenal gland,they are termed extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas, orparagangliomas.

Because of excessive catecholamine secretion,

pheochromocytomas may precipitate life-threateninghypertension or cardiac arrhythmias.

If the diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma is overlooked,the consequences can be disastrous, even fatal.

Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors results in elevatedblood pressure, increased cardiac contractility,glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and intestinal relaxation.Stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors results in anincrease in heart rate and contractility.
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988683-overviewhttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/988683-overview


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Tumor surrounding major vessels


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Symptoms

Someone with a pheochromocytoma usually has three classicsymptoms -- headache, sweating, and heart palpitations (a fast

heart beat) in association with markedly elevated blood pressure

(hypertension).

Other conditions that may accompany these classic symptoms

are: anxiety, nausea,tremors, weakness, abdominal pain, and

weight loss.
http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20628http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=437http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=42985http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24732http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=504http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=64119http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=1908http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=18262http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=18262http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=1908http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=64119http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=504http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24732http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=42985http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=437http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20628


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Cushing's syndrome Cushing's syndrome is a hormonal disorder caused by

prolonged exposure of the body's tissues to high levels of the

hormone cortisol.

Sometimes called "hypercortisolism," it is relatively rare andmost commonly affects adults aged 20 to 50. An estimated 10

to 15 of every million people are affected each year.


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Addisons Disease

Also chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortisolism,

and hypoadrenalism is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder in

which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid

hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency


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Symptoms

May develop insidiously, and it may take some time to berecognised.

The most common symptoms are:

fatigue,lightheadedness upon standing or while upright, muscle

weakness, fever, weight loss, difficulty in standing up,

anxiety, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, sweating, changes

in mood and personality, andjoint and muscle pains.

Some have marked cravings for salt or salty foods due to the

urinary losses of sodium.

Increased tanning may be noted, particularly in sun-exposedareas, as well as darkening of the palmar creases, sites of

friction, recent scars, the vermilion border of the lips, and

genital skin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightheadednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weaknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weaknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_tanninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion_borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion_borderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_tanninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myalgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthralgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrheahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weaknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weaknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightheadednesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms


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Hyperpigmentation of buccal mucosa inAddison's disease

Unnatural dark color in someareas seen in Addisons

Disease


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Maintenance

Replacement of the missing cortisol, sometimes in the form

ofhydrocortisone tablets, or prednisone tablets in a dosing

regimen that mimics the physiological concentrations of

cortisol.

Alternatively one quarter as much prednisolone may be used for

equal glucocorticoid effect as hydrocortisone.

Treatment must usually be continued for life.

In addition, many patients require fludrocortisone as replacement

for the missing aldosterone.

Caution must be exercised when the person with Addison's

disease becomes unwell with infection, has surgery orother trauma, or becomes pregnant. In such instances, their

replacement glucocorticoids, whether in the form of

hydrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, or other equivalent,

often need to be increased.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocortisonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisolonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fludrocortisonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_traumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_traumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fludrocortisonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisolonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prednisonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocortisone


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Symptoms

It can be asymptomatic, but the following symptoms may be

present:Fatigue

Headache

High blood pressure

Hypokalemia

HypernatraemiaHypomagnesemia

Intermittent or temporary paralysis

Muscle spasms

Muscle weakness

Numbness

Polyuria

Polydipsia

Tingling

Metabolic alkalosis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernatraemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomagnesemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spasmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weaknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydipsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_alkalosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_alkalosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydipsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyuriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weaknesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spasmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomagnesemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernatraemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headachehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatic


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Treatment

If a tumor is found, it can usually be surgically removed.

When the tumor is removed, blood pressure returns to normal,

and other symptoms disappear about 70% of the time.

If no tumor is found and both glands are overactive, partial

removal of the adrenal glands may not control high blood

pressure, and complete removal will produce Addison's disease,

requiring treatment for life.

However, spironolactone or eplerenone

can usually control the symptoms, and drugs for high blood

pressure are readily available. Rarely do both adrenal glands

have to be removed.


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QUESTIONS???????

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