tooth morphology basics
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Tooth Morphology BasicsTooth Morphology Basics
Howard Chi, D.M.D.Howard Chi, D.M.D.
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
• Primary and permanent dentition
• Tooth identification system
• Trait categories
• Tissues of the tooth
• Dental terminology
• Anatomy of tooth structure
• Primary and permanent dentition
• Tooth identification system
• Trait categories
• Tissues of the tooth
• Dental terminology
• Anatomy of tooth structure
Primary and Permanent DentitionPrimary and Permanent Dentition
DentitionDentition
Refers to all of the teeth in the maxillae and the mandible
* maxillary arch - maxillary teeth
* mandibular arch - mandibular teeth
Refers to all of the teeth in the maxillae and the mandible
* maxillary arch - maxillary teeth
* mandibular arch - mandibular teeth
Maxillary arch
Mandibular arch
Humans Have Two Dentitions Throughout Life
Humans Have Two Dentitions Throughout Life
1) Primary Dentition - during childhood
2) Permanent Dentition - during adulthood
1) Primary Dentition - during childhood
2) Permanent Dentition - during adulthood
PrimaryPermanent
Primary DentitionPrimary Dentition
• There are 20 teeth in the primary dentition
• 10 maxillary - 10 mandibular
• This dentition is also termed the deciduous dentition
• There are 20 teeth in the primary dentition
• 10 maxillary - 10 mandibular
• This dentition is also termed the deciduous dentition
Permanent 1st Molars
Primary DentitionPrimary Dentition
The dental formula for one side of the mouth is:
I 2 C 1 M 2 = 10 teeth on either side
2 1 2
The dental formula for one side of the mouth is:
I 2 C 1 M 2 = 10 teeth on either side
2 1 2
11 212
11 212
Deciduous TeethDeciduous Teeth
Those teeth that “fall out” due to a natural process of tooth succession
Those teeth that “fall out” due to a natural process of tooth succession
Permanent Dentition Permanent Dentition
Also called the succedaneous
dentition - that which
succeeds the primary dentition
There are 8 teeth in each quadrant
I 2 C 1 PM 2 M 3 = 16 teeth
2 1 2 3 each side
Also called the succedaneous
dentition - that which
succeeds the primary dentition
There are 8 teeth in each quadrant
I 2 C 1 PM 2 M 3 = 16 teeth
2 1 2 3 each side
Permanent DentitionPermanent Dentition
First signs of this dentition appear at age 6First signs of this dentition appear at age 6
Permanent DentitionPermanent Dentition
A A A P P P P P
Anterior Teeth - incisors and canines
Posterior teeth - premolars and molars
Anterior Teeth - incisors and canines
Posterior teeth - premolars and molars
Tooth Identification SystemsTooth Identification Systems
Tooth Identification SystemsTooth Identification Systems
There are three main systems used in modern dentistry for the numbering of teeth. They are:
* Universal Numbering System
* Palmer Notation System
* International Numbering System
There are three main systems used in modern dentistry for the numbering of teeth. They are:
* Universal Numbering System
* Palmer Notation System
* International Numbering System
Universal Numbering SystemUniversal Numbering System
1. Suggested by Parreidt in 1882
2. Adopted by the A.D.A. in 1975
3. Uses numbers 1 through 32
1. Suggested by Parreidt in 1882
2. Adopted by the A.D.A. in 1975
3. Uses numbers 1 through 32
Universal Numbering System
1 for upper right third molar around to 16
upper left third molar
1 for upper right third molar around to 16
upper left third molar
1 16
Dropping down same side to 17 lower left
third molar and around to 32
Dropping down same side to 17 lower left
third molar and around to 32
Universal Numbering SystemUniversal Numbering System
1732
For deciduous dentition, letters
A through T are used
For deciduous dentition, letters
A through T are used
Universal Numbering SystemUniversal Numbering System
A B C D E F G H I J
T S R Q P O N M L K
Universal Numbering
System
Universal Numbering
System
Palmer Notation SystemPalmer Notation System
Utilizes brackets to represent the four quadrantsUtilizes brackets to represent the four quadrants
Upper Right Upper Left
Lower Right Lower Left
• Permanent teeth are labeled 1 to 8 on each side of the midline
• On deciduous teeth same brackets with letters A through E
• Permanent teeth are labeled 1 to 8 on each side of the midline
• On deciduous teeth same brackets with letters A through E
Palmer Notation SystemPalmer Notation System
Palmer SystemPalmer System
International Numbering SystemInternational Numbering System
• Uses two digits for each tooth
• First digit represents dentition, arch and side
• Second number denotes the tooth (1-4 perm. and 5-8 prim.)
• Uses two digits for each tooth
• First digit represents dentition, arch and side
• Second number denotes the tooth (1-4 perm. and 5-8 prim.)
International Numbering SystemInternational Numbering System
1 = permanent dentition, maxillary, right
2 = permanent dentition, maxillary, left
3 = permanent dentition, mandibular, left
4 = permanent dentition, mandibular, right
5 = primary dentition, maxillary, right
6 = primary dentition, maxillary, left
7 = primary dentition, mandibular, left
8 = primary dentition, mandibular, right
1 = permanent dentition, maxillary, right
2 = permanent dentition, maxillary, left
3 = permanent dentition, mandibular, left
4 = permanent dentition, mandibular, right
5 = primary dentition, maxillary, right
6 = primary dentition, maxillary, left
7 = primary dentition, mandibular, left
8 = primary dentition, mandibular, right
International Numbering SystemInternational Numbering System
Trait CategoriesTrait Categories
Trait CategoriesTrait Categories
Set Traits: (dentition traits) distinguish teeth in the primary from secondary dentition
Set Traits: (dentition traits) distinguish teeth in the primary from secondary dentition
Trait CategoriesTrait Categories
Arch Traits:
distinguish maxillary from mandibular
Arch Traits:
distinguish maxillary from mandibular
Trait Categories
Trait Categories
Class Traits: Distinguish the four categories of teeth ... incisors, canines, premolars, molars
Class Traits: Distinguish the four categories of teeth ... incisors, canines, premolars, molars
Trait CategoriesTrait Categories
Type Traits: Distinguish teeth within one class Type Traits: Distinguish teeth within one class
Tissues of the ToothTissues of the Tooth
Tissues Of A ToothTissues Of A Tooth
1) Dentin
2) Enamel
3) Cementum
4) Pulp
1) Dentin
2) Enamel
3) Cementum
4) Pulp
EnamelEnamel
• Makes up the protective outer
surface of the anatomic crown
• Mostly inorganic and calcified
hard, white shiny surface of the
anatomic crown
• Makes up the protective outer
surface of the anatomic crown
• Mostly inorganic and calcified
hard, white shiny surface of the
anatomic crown
DentinDentin
• Found in the crown and root, making up bulk of tooth
• Found beneath the enamel and cementum and surrounding the pulp tissue
• Not normally visible
• Mostly inorganic and calcified
• Found in the crown and root, making up bulk of tooth
• Found beneath the enamel and cementum and surrounding the pulp tissue
• Not normally visible
• Mostly inorganic and calcified
CementumCementum
• Makes up the surface of the anatomic root
• Very thin next to cervical line
• Mostly inorganic calcified
• Dull yellow in color
• Makes up the surface of the anatomic root
• Very thin next to cervical line
• Mostly inorganic calcified
• Dull yellow in color
PulpPulp
• Is non calcified found within the
pulp chamber
• Develops from the dental papilla
(from mesoderm)
• Surrounded by dentin except at the
apical foramen
• Is non calcified found within the
pulp chamber
• Develops from the dental papilla
(from mesoderm)
• Surrounded by dentin except at the
apical foramen
PulpPulp
• Normally not visible except on
dental radiographs
• In the coronal portion termed
the pulp chamber
• In the root portion termed the
pulp canal(s)
• Normally not visible except on
dental radiographs
• In the coronal portion termed
the pulp chamber
• In the root portion termed the
pulp canal(s)
Pulp - FunctionsPulp - Functions
• Formative - dentin producing cells (odontoblasts) produce dentin thoughout the life of a tooth
• Sensory - nerve endings permit the sense of pain
• Formative - dentin producing cells (odontoblasts) produce dentin thoughout the life of a tooth
• Sensory - nerve endings permit the sense of pain
Pulp - FunctionsPulp - Functions
• Nutritive - nutrient transport from the blood stream to extensions of the pulp that reach into dentin
• Defensive/Protective - responds to injury and decay by forming reparative dentin
• Nutritive - nutrient transport from the blood stream to extensions of the pulp that reach into dentin
• Defensive/Protective - responds to injury and decay by forming reparative dentin
Junctions Of Tooth StructureJunctions Of Tooth Structure
Cementoenamel Junction - also
called the cervical line,
separates the anatomic crown
from the anatomic root.
Cementoenamel Junction - also
called the cervical line,
separates the anatomic crown
from the anatomic root.
Junctions Of Tooth StructureJunctions Of Tooth Structure
Dentinoenamel Junction - is the inner surface of the enamel cap visible in cross section or in badly worn teeth
Dentinoenamel Junction - is the inner surface of the enamel cap visible in cross section or in badly worn teeth
Junctions Of Tooth StructureJunctions Of Tooth Structure
Cementodentinal Junction - a.k.a. dentinocemental junction is the inner surface of cementum lining the root visible in cross section or badly worn teeth
Cementodentinal Junction - a.k.a. dentinocemental junction is the inner surface of cementum lining the root visible in cross section or badly worn teeth
Anatomic Versus Clinical Crown
Anatomic Versus Clinical Crown
Anatomic Crown - that part of the tooth covered in enamel
Clinical Crown - that part of the tooth that is visible in the oral cavity
Anatomic Crown - that part of the tooth covered in enamel
Clinical Crown - that part of the tooth that is visible in the oral cavity
Dental TerminologyDental Terminology
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Facial Surface - the surface next to the face, the outer surface of a tooth resting next to the cheeks or gums. Used in both anterior and posterior teeth
Facial Surface - the surface next to the face, the outer surface of a tooth resting next to the cheeks or gums. Used in both anterior and posterior teeth
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Buccal Surface - the facial surface of posterior teeth. Meaning next to the cheek
Buccal Surface - the facial surface of posterior teeth. Meaning next to the cheek
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Labial Surface - the facial surface next to the lips, generally used for anterior teeth
Labial Surface - the facial surface next to the lips, generally used for anterior teeth
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Proximal Surface - the surface or side of a tooth that is next to an adjacent tooth, not considered self-cleansing
Proximal Surface - the surface or side of a tooth that is next to an adjacent tooth, not considered self-cleansing
Mesial Surface - is the surface of the tooth nearest to the midline of the dental arch
Mesial Surface - is the surface of the tooth nearest to the midline of the dental arch
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Distal Surface - is the surface of the tooth farthest from the midline of the dental arch
Distal Surface - is the surface of the tooth farthest from the midline of the dental arch
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Lingual Surface - is the surface of maxillary and mandibular teeth nearest the tongue
Lingual Surface - is the surface of maxillary and mandibular teeth nearest the tongue
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Palatal Surface –
is the surface of maxillary teeth
nearest the palate
Palatal Surface –
is the surface of maxillary teeth
nearest the palate
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Occlusal Surface - is the chewing surface of the posterior teeth found within cusp and marginal ridges
Occlusal Surface - is the chewing surface of the posterior teeth found within cusp and marginal ridges
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Terminology Used To Distinguish Tooth Surfaces
Incisal Edge - is the cutting edge, ridge or surface of anterior teeth
Incisal Edge - is the cutting edge, ridge or surface of anterior teeth
Anatomy of Tooth StructureAnatomy of Tooth Structure
Divisions Of The Crown And Root Of A Tooth
Divisions Of The Crown And Root Of A Tooth
Divisions Cervico-occlusallyDivisions Cervico-occlusally
Cervical 3rdMiddle 3rdIncisal 3rd
Cervical 3rdMiddle 3rdOcclusal 3rd
Anterior Posterior
Divisions Of The Crown Of A Tooth
Divisions Of The Crown Of A Tooth
Divisions MesiodistallyDivisions Mesiodistally
Distal 3rd
Middle 3rd
Mesial 3rd
Divsions Of The Crown Of A Tooth
Divsions Of The Crown Of A Tooth
Divisions FaciolinguallyDivisions Faciolingually
Lingual 3rd
Middle 3rd
Facial 3rd
Divisions Of The Crown And Root Of A Tooth
Divisions Of The Crown And Root Of A Tooth
Divisions Cervico-occlusallyDivisions Cervico-occlusally
Apical 3rd
Middle 3rd
Cervical 3rd
Cervical 3rdMiddle 3rdIncisal 3rd
Apical 3rd
Middle 3rd
Cervical 3rd
Cervical 3rdMiddle 3rdOcclusal 3rd
Anterior Posterior
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Cusp - is a point, or peak on the chewing surface of premolar or molar tooth
Cusp - is a point, or peak on the chewing surface of premolar or molar tooth
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Cusp Slopes Or Ridges - are the inclined surfaces that form an angle at the cusp tip
Cusp Slopes Or Ridges - are the inclined surfaces that form an angle at the cusp tip
How Many Cusp Ridges Does This Tooth Possess?How Many Cusp Ridges Does This Tooth Possess?
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Cingulum - is the enlargement or bulge on the cervical third of the lingual surface of the crown of anterior teeth
Cingulum - is the enlargement or bulge on the cervical third of the lingual surface of the crown of anterior teeth
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Labial Ridge - is a ridge running cervico-incisally in approximately the center of the labial surface of the canines
Labial Ridge - is a ridge running cervico-incisally in approximately the center of the labial surface of the canines
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Buccal Ridge - is the ridge running cervico-occlusally in approximately the center of the buccal surface of premolars
Buccal Ridge - is the ridge running cervico-occlusally in approximately the center of the buccal surface of premolars
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Cervical Ridge - ridge running mesiodistally on the cervical one-third of the buccal surface of the crown, found on all deciduous teeth but only on the permanent molars
Cervical Ridge - ridge running mesiodistally on the cervical one-third of the buccal surface of the crown, found on all deciduous teeth but only on the permanent molars
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Marginal Ridge - on incisor and canine located on the mesial and distal border of the lingual surface
Marginal Ridge - on incisor and canine located on the mesial and distal border of the lingual surface
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Marginal Ridge - on posterior teeth located on the mesial and distal border of the occlusal surface
Marginal Ridge - on posterior teeth located on the mesial and distal border of the occlusal surface
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Triangular Ridge - on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth, is the ridge from any cusp tip to center of the occlusal surface - ML cusp of upper molars have two
Triangular Ridge - on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth, is the ridge from any cusp tip to center of the occlusal surface - ML cusp of upper molars have two
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Oblique Ridge - found only on maxillary molars made of the triangular ridges of the mesiolingual and distobuccal cusps
Oblique Ridge - found only on maxillary molars made of the triangular ridges of the mesiolingual and distobuccal cusps
Transverse Ridge - ridge crossing the occlusal surface of posterior teeth in a B-L direction and made of connecting triangular ridges
Transverse Ridge - ridge crossing the occlusal surface of posterior teeth in a B-L direction and made of connecting triangular ridges
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Mamelon - is one of three tubercules sometimes present on the incisal edge of an incisor tooth that has not been subject to wear
Mamelon - is one of three tubercules sometimes present on the incisal edge of an incisor tooth that has not been subject to wear
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Sulcus - is a broad depression or valley on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth
Sulcus - is a broad depression or valley on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Developmental Groove - is a sharply defined, narrow and linear depression, formed during tooth development separating lobes or a major portion of a tooth - a fissure may be found at the depth of a developmental groove
Developmental Groove - is a sharply defined, narrow and linear depression, formed during tooth development separating lobes or a major portion of a tooth - a fissure may be found at the depth of a developmental groove
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Supplemental Groove - small irregularly placed grooves not at the junction of lobes or major portions of the teeth
Supplemental Groove - small irregularly placed grooves not at the junction of lobes or major portions of the teeth
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Fossa - a depression or hollow found on the lingual surfaces of some anterior teeth and on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth
Fossa - a depression or hollow found on the lingual surfaces of some anterior teeth and on the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Pits - often occur at the depths of fossa where two or more grooves join
Pits - often occur at the depths of fossa where two or more grooves join
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Morphology Of An Anatomic Crown
Furcation - is the place on multirooted teeth where the root trunk or base divides into separate roots
Furcation - is the place on multirooted teeth where the root trunk or base divides into separate roots
RootTrunk
Curve Of SpeeCurve Of Spee
Anteroposterior curve of the occlusal plane - curve of the maxillary arch is convex
Anteroposterior curve of the occlusal plane - curve of the maxillary arch is convex
Curve Of WilsonCurve Of Wilson
Gradual curve of posterior teeth from left to right side viewed from the anterior region - curve of maxillary teeth is convex
Gradual curve of posterior teeth from left to right side viewed from the anterior region - curve of maxillary teeth is convex
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