therapeutic meditation for mind-brain-body transformation

Therapeutic Meditation for

Mind-Brain-Body Transformation

Presented by

C. Alexander Simpkins, PhD and Annellen M. Simpkins, PhD

www.simpkins.radiantdolphinpress.com

Visit our Facebook Pages:

The Dao of Neuroscience

Meditation and Yoga in Psychotherapy

Meditation for Therapists and Their Clients

Annellen Simpkins, PhD and C. Alexander Simpkins, PhD

Neuro-Hypnosis

Therapeutic Meditation for Mind-Brain-Body Transformation

Presented by

C. Alexander Simpkins, PhD and Annellen M. Simpkins, PhD

Learning Objectives:

1) To describe key meditation efficacy research.

2) To explain current neuroscience findings about how meditation alters brain structures and functions and rebalances the nervous system.

3) To summarize key brain structures and nervous system pathways and functions that clinicians need to know including neuroplasticity, mirror neurons, and interpersonal neurobiology

4) To appreciate the rich cultural and philosophical traditions of meditation practices and grasp their important cognitive-behavioral correlates for applying them therapeutically.

5) To list different meditation techniques for relieving stress, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, pain, addiction, and trauma.

6) To acquire meditation skills in the varieties of meditation methods (focused, open, and self-transcending) including breathing, mindfulness, compassion, Zazen, and wuwei.

Presenters Biography: C. Alexander Simpkins, PhD and Annellen M. Simpkins, PhD

are psychologists specializing in meditation, hypnotherapy, and neuroscience. The

Simpkins are authors of 26 books, including their most recent releases: Zen Meditation in

Psychotherapy (Wiley, 2012), Meditation and Yoga in Psychotherapy (Wiley, 2011), The

Dao of Neuroscience (Norton, 2010), Meditation for Therapists and Their Clients

(Norton 2009), Neuro-Hypnosis (Norton, 2010), and forthcoming Neuroscience for

Clinicians (Springer, 2012), and The Tao of Bipolar Disorder (New Harbinger, 2012).

Some of their Eastern philosophy titles include the ever-popular Simple Series: Simple

Zen, Simple Buddhism, Simple Taoism, and Simple Tibetan Buddhism (Tuttle Publishing,

1999-2001) and Meditation from Thought to Action with Audio CD (Radiant Dolphin

Press, 1999; 2007). They have been practicing psychotherapy for more than three

decades. They present seminars on meditation and hypnosis worldwide. And they are

involved in several research projects. The Simpkins look at psychotherapy through the

crystal of a unique vision, which they bring to you with warmth and clarity in their books

and teaching seminars.

Seminar Overview:

Each of us, in our core nature, is healthy. But problematic behaviors, thoughts,

and feelings get in the way of expressing our deeper, true being. Meditation is a tool to

get to know this awake, aware nature. In the meditative moment, we overcome

difficulties by doing what we need and expressing ourselves as we truly are.

Learn the significant neuroscience and efficacy findings, prominent meditation

traditions, and how to integrate meditation into treatment. Experience meditation’s most

profound practices, drawn from Yoga, Buddhism, Daoism, and Zen. Discover the

different forms of meditation: Focusing (eg. Yoga meditations), Open-monitoring (eg.

Mindfulness meditations), and Self-Transcending/Unconscious Meditations (eg. Zazen

and Wuwei). Learn when to apply them for specific problems. With teaching stories, case

examples, and daily meditations, we invite you to wake up to your deeper nature and

open the path for your patients.

Schedule:

April 27: The Science of Meditation. Introduction of Meditation to the West/

Meditation Research and Therapeutic Efficacy/ Neuroscience: A brief tour through the

brain/ Neuroplasticity/ Review of significant neuroscience research/ Variety of

meditation methods: focus, open, and transcending/ What all meditations share in

common/ Learning Meditation: Honing meditative tools, a gentle introduction to use with

clients/ Training in focus meditations for mind and body: Breathing, simple postures,

pratyahara, dharana, and dhyana meditation methods.

April 28: Make a Paradigm Shift. Philosophical and spiritual meditation

traditions of Yoga, Buddhism, Daoism, and Zen/ Key concepts, cognitive correlates, and

mental training/ Integrating meditation into treatments/ Learning meditation for

therapists/ Teaching meditation to clients/ Working with special populations: The elderly

and children/ Meditation Practice: Open monitoring meditations: Mindfulness/ Gratitude

and compassion meditations/ Therapeutic Meditations for stress, anxiety, trauma,

depression, bipolar disorder, and substance abuse.

April 29: East Meets West. Integrating East and West/ Indra’s Net and neural

networks/ Discovering mind and brain / Oneness with others, mirror neurons/ The

polyvagal theory/ The social brain/ Meditation Practice: Enhancing interpersonal

relationships meditatively/ Personal meditations on relationships/ Mindful mirroring/

Chi-sao/ Discovering balance, compassion, and love in relationships/ Expanding

potential/ Broadening thinking/ Training in self-transcending meditations to activate

unconscious processes/ Letting go to movement (Qigong)/ Letting be (Wuwei)/ Koans/

Zazen/ Working with meditation therapeutically/ Review

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C.AlexanderSimpkins,PhDAnnellenM.Simpkins,PhD

simpkins.radiantdolphinpress.com

Foraddi8onalinforma8onvisitourFacebookPages:

TheDaoofNeuroscienceMedita8onandYogainPsychotherapy

Medita8onforTherapistsandTheirClientsAnnellenSimpkins,PhD&C.AlexanderSimpkins,PhD

Annellen‐AlexSimpkins

TheScienceofMedita<on

Friday,April27

“IhavetothankyouofAmericaforthegreataCemptyouaremakingtobreakdownthebarriersofthisliCleworldofours,andIhopethatinthefuturetheLordwillhelpyoutoaccomplishyourpurpose.”

Vivekananda,1953,p.184.

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TheFirstWorldParliamentofReligions!

• 1893• HeldinChicago• Broughtgreatteacherstogether

• Keynote speaker at the First Word Parliament ofReligions

• Hinduyogi,prac88onerofVedanta

• Spokesmanforcommonfeaturesinallreligions

• Openedthewayforscien8ficinquiry

Vivekananda(1863‐1902)

D.T.Suzuki(1870‐1966)!

•  TranslatorfortheZenrepresenta8veat1893conference

•  SponsoredintheUStotranslateclassics

•  MarriedaWesterner‐‐BridgedEastandWest

•  Influen8alteacherandwriterofmanybooks

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• InvolvedwithTheosophicalSocietyinIndia

• Turneddowntheroleofworldteacher&disavowedallegiancetoanyorganiza8on

• Devotedtothoughcul,objec8ve,clearawarenessofmedita8on

J.Krishnamur8(1895‐1986)

• FounderofTM(TranscendentalMedita8on)

• Veryac8vecareer

• Manynotablesstudiedwithhim

• Foundedauniversity

• Fundedmorethan600studiesofmedita8on

MaharishiMaheshYogi(1917‐2008)

“Throughthewindowofscienceweseethedawnoftheageofenlightenment.”

(Maharishi,1975)

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HistoricalDevelopmentofMedita<onResearch

EarlyWesternScien<ficInterest

GoVriedWilhelmLeibniz(1646‐1716)

• Greatphilosopher• Earlyphilosopherswerethescien8stsofthatperiod

• 

• DeeplyinvolvedinChinesestudies.• Believedintheunityofallthings

• Cornerstoneofhisphilosophy• “Idonotconceiveofanyrealityatallaswithoutgenuineunity.”(Leibniz,inPerkins2004,70)

• Aprimaryfounderofmoderncalculus• EmbracedtheEasternideathatalliscon8nuallychanging• Mayhaveinspiredhisideaofcalculus:themathema8csofchange

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RalphWaldoEmerson(1803‐1882)

• CastEasternideasintohistranscendentalphilosophy• Universehasadivine,orderednature

• SimilartotheancientChinesephilosophyoftheDao

• “Theselawsexecutethemselves.Theyareoutofspace,andnotsubjecttocircumstance”(EmersoninJames,1918,p.43).

L.Aus<neWaddell(1854‐1938)

• Englishexplorer,armysurgeon,&author• Sta8onedinIndiawithIndianMedicalService

• Tookanac8veinterestinmedita8on

• TransferredtoTibetanddelvedintoTibetanBuddhism• Wroteabook:TheBuddhismofTibetorLamaism(Wadell,1894)

• WasoneofthefirstEnglish‐languagebooksonthistopic• FoundTibetanBuddhismbothfascina8ngandstrange• Carefullyobservedandrecordeddoctrines,prac8ces,rituals,andmantras

EarlyEmpiricalResearch

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FirstEmpiricalResearchProjectonMeditation

• KovoorBehanan1937• YalepsychologygraduatestudentfromIndia

• Measuredthephysiologicaleffectsofyogabreathing(pranayama)onoxygenconsump8on• Foundsignificantchanges

• ReturnedtoIndiawherehestudiedotheryogis,guidedbySwamiKuvalayanandawhorananins8tute.• Startedayogajournal• Didfurtherresearchonposturesandotherprac8ces

ResearchersTraveltoIndia

• In 1935 Terese Brosse showed yogis could stop their heart for several seconds (Brosse, 1946)

• Research group brought EEG machines and measured yogis in different locations

• Found yogis could control physiological processes • Breathing rate, body temperature, and sweating of the palms

• Made conservative claims that meditation was an active process that brought measurable changes

• Optimistic about studying meditation scientifically (Wenger & Bagchi,& Anand, 1961)

MenningerFoundationStudiesofSwamiRama

• SwamiRamaunderwentextensivetes8ngofinvoluntaryprocesses

• Mostdrama8cillustra8on:Abletocontrolhisheartbeat• Spedupheartbeatto300beats/sec• CausedatrialflumerrecordedonEKG• Hadnopainorilleffects(Green,Green,&Walters,1970)

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ResearchonZenMonksin1960’s&70’s

• Extensive, carefully run study of more than 150 monks and disciples plus controls (Hirai, 1974)

• Used EEG, EMG, and GSR

• Carefully studied specific brain wave pattern changes

• Increased alpha and theta waves • Theta waves correlate with relaxed attention that monitors inner experience • Alpha waves involve relaxed, alert attention correlated with feelings of well-being

• Larger changes seen in more experienced prac88oners

• Another experiment: Presented a clicking sound • Meditators responded without habituation • Correlates with mindful moment-by-moment experiencing

OpeningtheWayToStudyMedita<onItself

 ArthurDeikman,(1963)

•  Willingtoscien8ficallystudynon‐material,mys8calstates

•  Appliedconcepts

•  Foundthatmedita8oninvolveddeautoma8zing:Adisengagementfromusualselec8vemodesandsets,resul8nginincreasedflexibilityofperceptual&emo8onalresponsestotheenvironment

Ques<onnaireStudies

 Iden8fied6factorscommontoallformsofmedita8on•  Self‐transcendence,mood,changeofconsciousness,meaningdimension,exclusionofimages,&generalfeelingofsuccess•  Osis,et.al.,(1973)

 Ques8onnairesbeforeandaoermedita8on Moodbeforemedita8onhadnoeffect:Concludedmedita8onmightbeanalteredstate•  Kohr,(1977)

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MeasurementStudies

•  EarlyTechnology

•  VanNuyscreatedadevicewithalevertopresswhenathoughtintruded

•  Foundmeditatorshadlessintrudingthoughtsandtheirthoughtsweremoreinthepresentmoment

•  (VanNuys,1973)

ResearchonSocialEffectsofMedita<on

TheMaharishiEffect

•  It’sacommonmedita8onalbeliefthatindividualconsciousnessaffectsgroupconsciousness,soperhapsifmanypeoplemeditated,thecommunitywouldhavemorecalmandlessanger.

•  Maharishihypothesizedthatwhen1%ofthepopula8onprac8cedmedita8on,crimerateswoulddrop

•  ItwastestedinalargestudythatshoweddecreasedviolenceinWashingtonDCJune7‐30,1993(Hagelinet.al,1999)•  TM‐4000par8cipants

•  Sta8s8csfromlocalpoliceshowed15%lowercrimerate

•  Effectsremainedfor21daysfollowingstudy

•  50similarstudieswereperformedover25years

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EfficacyResearchonMedita<onforTreatments

. • SubstanceAbuse•  DecreaseddrugabuseusingTM.(1862subjects)

•  (Benson,H.&Wallace,R.K.1972)•  Preventedrelapseusingmindfulness

•  (Witkiewitz,Marlam&Walker,2005)• StressReduc8on•  Usingmindfulnesstraining(Kabat‐Zinn,1995)

• Depression•  Teasdale,etal.,2000;Ma&Teasdale,2004)

•  AffectRegula8on•  (Aoanas&Golosheykin,2003)

• PTSD•  (Brown&Gerberg,2003)

• OCD•  (Shannahoff‐Khalsa,2003)

ResearchonMedita<onforSeriousDisorders

  Medita8onmaybenefitindividualswithseriousmentalillnesswhenusedinconjunc8onwithregulartreatment•  (Russinova,Wewiorski,&Cash,2002).

•  Astudyof157subjectswith45%bipolardisorder,25%schizophreniaspectrumdisorder,and25%depressivedisorder  Theyfoundalterna8vetherapiesincludingmedita8onfacilitatedrecoveryprocess

  Cau8ons:Therehavebeenreportsofafewcaseswhereat‐riskpersonsdevelopedpsycho8cepisodesfromimmersioninintensivemedita8on•  (Walsh&Roche,1978)

•  Combina8onofveryintensivemedita8onincludingfas8ngandsleepdepriva8onforsubjectswithahistoryofschizophreniawhodiscon8nuetheirmaintenancedoseofmedica8oncanbehazardous(Walsh&Roche,1978

  Thereareongoingstudieswithpsychiatricpopula8ons•  (Shannahoff‐Khalsa,2006,2010)

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DifferentFormsofMedita<onResearchedforTherapy

Yoga:Medita<on,Breathing,Postures,Mantras

•  Stress•  Theabilitytofocusamen8ondevelopedinyogamedita8onhelpsforbemertolera8onofstress(Hempel&Om,2006)

• Anxiety•  Medita8oncombinedwithyogaposturesreducedstateanxietybemerthansimplerelaxa8on(Subramanya&Telles,2009).

•  Mantrasandone‐pointedawarenessfor62veteranswithPTSD(Williamset.al,2005).

• Depression•  Meta‐studyof5depressionprojectstrea8ngmildtoseveredepression.(Pilkington,Kirkwood,Rampes,&Richardson,2005).

Mindfulness

• Mindfulnesshasbeenintegratedintotherapy•  (Baer,2003;2006)

• Mindfulnessbasedstressreduc8onprogramsof•  Kabat‐Zinn(2003)

• Mindfulamen8onwithhighschoolstudentsenhancedlearning•  (Langer,1989)

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ZenMedita<on

 Improvedempathyforcounselors (Lesh,1970)

 Helpedpsychotherapistsimprovetheireffec8veness (Grepmairet.al.2007)

TourthroughtheBrain:WhatCliniciansNeedtoKnow

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BeginSmall:Neurons

•  180billionneuronseachconnectedto100’sofothers.

•  Twomainfunc8ons:Processchemicalsandwithinthemandcommunicatewithotherneuronsatthesynapsesbetween

•  Neurotransmimersarechemicalsthatswimacrosssynapseandconvertintoelectricalimpulse

NeurotransmiCers

•  Neurotransmimersareusuallyinbalance,butwhenimbalancesoccur,drugtherapyandpsychotherapy,medita8on,andhypnosiscanhelprestorenaturalbalance

•  Differentkindsofneurotransmimerswithdifferenteffectsonthenervoussystem•  Glutamate:Excitatory,andGABA,inhibitoryarefoundeverywhere

•  Dopamine:pleasure&reward•  Seratonin:emo8onalityandsleep

•  Norepenephrine:alertness•  Endorphins:alleviatepain

CentralNervousSystem

•  Alltheneuronscombinedmakeupthenervoussystem:•  BrainandSpinalCord•  PeripheralNervousSystem•  CranialNervesandSpinalNerves•  AutonomicNervoussystem

•  Sympathe8cNervousSystemSNS•  Preparesthebodyforac8on

•  Parasympathe8cNervousSystemPNS

•  WorksoppositetotheSNS

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Sympathe<c&Parasympathe<cNervousSystem

•  Thesesystemsofac8va8onanddeac8va8onareinvolvedinemo8onssuchasfearandanger,aswellaspar8cipa8nginresponsestostressandfeelingsofenjoyment.

•  Together,thesetwosystemsmaintainthecontrolthatkeepsthemind,brain,andbodyinbalance.

•  Yogabreathing,postures,andmedita8onscanshiothebalanceintheautonomicnervoussystem.

BrainStructuresandFunc<ons

•  Thebrainorchestratesthenervoussystem.Itisooendescribedintermsofitsstructuresandfunc8ons.

•  Bomom‐upprocessing•  Unconsciousprocessingtendstotravelashort,subcor8calpaththroughthe

lowerbrainareas

•  TopDownProcessing•  Awarenessofemo8ons,sensa8ons,andcogni8onsusuallytravelsalongpath

involvinghigherpartsofthecortex

BrainStructures:LowerBrain

•  Brainstem•  Transi8onbetweenthespinalcordandthebrain•  Regulatesvitalbodyfunc8onssuchasbreathing,heartrateandotherautoma8cfunc8ons

•  Cerebellum(LimleBrain)•  Servesavarietyoffunc8onsincludingtheregula8onofhighercerebralprocessesinmotorplanning,cogni8on,involuntaryfunc8ons,andproblemsolving.

•  Regulatespostureandthecommandofmovement.

•  Ac8vewhenwearelearningnewmovements

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InteriorBrainAreas:BasalGanglia

•  4interconnectedstructures•  Voluntarymovementandcoordina8on•  Involvedinplanningmovement,performingmovementsinsequence,andmaintaininglearning.

•  Partofpredic8vecontrol,amen8on,andworkingmemory.

InteriorBrainAreas:LimbicSystem

•  Regulatesemo8ons

•  Involvesmanystructures•  Amygdalaforemo8ons•  Hippocampusforlearningandmemory•  Thalamusasagatewayforsensoryinforma8on•  Hypothalamusforregula8ngmanyautonomicfunc8onsincludingbiological

rhythmsandstress•  Olfactorybulb,involvedinthesenseofsmell,•  Pituitaryglandregula8nghormones•  Nucleusaccumbens,importantforreward,laughter,pleasure,andaddic8on•  Cingulategyrusincortexformonitoringconflicts

•  Orbitofrontalcortex(partofthepre‐frontalcortex).

•  Withsomanyvariedbrainstructuresinterac8ngtogether,weseewhyemo8onsplaysuchanimportantroleineveryaspectofliving.

CerebralCortex:Higher‐LevelProcessing

•  Outerlayerofthetwohemisphereswithmanyconvolu8ons,gyri,andfolds,sulci.•  Somuchfoldingthatnearly2/3ofthesurfaceishiddenfromview

•  Eachhemispheredividedinto4lobes•  Frontal,Parietal,Temporal,andOccipital•  CorpusCallosumconnectsthetwohemispherestogether

•  Leohemispheremorelanguageprocessing

•  Righthemispheremorespa8alprocessing

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FrontalLobe•  1/3ofcortexwithextensivelinkstowholebrain•  PrefrontalCortes

•  Importantinexecu8vefunc8ons:

•  Independentthinking,personalitycharacteris8cs,sociallyappropriatebehavior,andemo8onalcontrol.

•  PrimaryMotorcortex•  Controlofmovement.

•  Hasamapofthebodyonit.

•  Thenon‐primarymotorcortex•  Mirrorneurons(coveredinlaterslides)

•  Cingulategyrus•  Mo8vatedbehavior,spontaneity,andcrea8vity.

•  Complexbehaviorandamen8onorconflictmonitoring,

•  Emo8onalreac8ontopain.

•  Regula8onofaggressivebehaviorandmaternalamachment.

ParietalLobe

•  Sensa8onandpercep8onoftouch,pressure,temperature,andpain.

•  Theparietallobeisac8vatedwhenloca8ngobjectsinspaceandmappingtherela8onshipofthebodytotheworld.

•  Theback(anterior)por8onoftheparietallobeisthesensorystrip.Thebodyismappedonthesensorystripforsensa8ons,similartohowtheprimarymotorcortexiswheremovementismappedforthebody.

TemporalLobe

•  Containstheprimaryauditorycortex.

•  Wernicke’sarea,ontheleohemisphereside,playsalargerroleinunderstandingspokenlanguage.

•  Somevisualprocessingisperformedinthetemporallobes,involvingpercep8onofmovementsandfacerecogni8on.

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OccipitalLobe

•  Visioncentersarelocatedintheoccipitallobes.•  Humanbeingsrelyontheirvisionquiteheavily,andthisisrevealedinthecomplexityofthisregionofthebrain.•  Therearemorethanthirty‐twozonesforvisualprocessingdifferen8a8ng

differentaspectsofseeingsuchascolor,texture,andmovement.

•  Axonscomingfromvisualinputfromtheeyespassthroughthethalamusandaredirectedtotheprimaryvisualcortex.

•  Visualcortexisalsosome8mescalledthestriatecortexbecauseofitsstripedappearance

Pathways:HowBrainAreasWorkTogether

  Anumberofpathwaysthroughthenervoussystemhelptocoordinatethemind‐brain‐bodybalance.

  Thoughts,feelings,andbehaviorsarein8matelyinvolvedintheflowofthesepathways,dynamicsystemsofinterac8onsbetweenbrainstructuresandtheflowofenergyandneurotransmimers.

 Wehaveseparatepathwaysforprocessingpain,reward,andfear/stress

PainPathway

•  Sensoryinputandhasaspecialpathwaytoprocesspainfuls8muli.

•  Paininforma8oniscarriedrapidlyalonginsulated(myelinated)fibersandslowlyalonguninsulated(unmyelinated)C‐fibers.

•  Thenthepaininforma8onisdistributedtothedifferentthalamicareasanduptothecortex.

•  Thecingulatecortexisac8vatedbypaininforma8on,especiallywhenyoubelievethes8muluswillbepainful.

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RewardPathway

•  Arewardpathwayregulatesposi8veemo8onsanddrivestowardfulfillment,sa8sfac8on,andenjoyment.•  Ac8veinreinforcementlearning

•  Helpstobemerunderstandaddic8on

•  Twodifferentroutes•  TheMesolimbicpathway

•  TheNigrostria8cpathway

•  Yogaandmindfulnessbringfeelingsofwell‐being,releasingdopamineandreinforcinghealthyliving

Fear/StressPathway:HPAPathway(Hypothalamus‐Pituitary‐Adrenal)

•  Thefearpathway,alsoknownastheHPApathway,providesthecapacitytorespondtothreatandthenreturntohomeosta8cbalance.•  Thisisahealthy,protec8veaspectoffunc8oning•  Thebrain‐to‐endocrinesysteminvolvesareac8onpathwaythatlinksthe

hypothalamus,pituitary,andadrenalglandstogether

•  Whenover‐ac8vated,thefearpathwaybecomesastresspathway.•  Peoplefindanewallosta8cbalanceatahigherac8va8onlevel

•  Treatmentslikeyogaandmindfulnesslowerac8va8onofstresspathway

Neuroplas<city:HowClinicalWorkCanChangetheBrain

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Neuroplas<city:WhatandWhen

  Neuroplas8cityistheabilityofthebrainandnervoussystemtoreorganizeitsneuralpathways,connec8ons,andfunc8ons.

  Ittakesplacein8me,slowlyorquickly,overthreemain8mespans:  Evolu8onovereons  Developmentoveralifespan

  Experience‐basedneuroplas8citythattakesplacequickly,atanyage

Neuroplas<cityOccursattheNeuronalLevel

•  Thetransmissionacrossthesynapseeitherac8vatestheneurontofireordeac8vatesitfromfiring.

•  Hebb’sRule(Hebb,1949)Whenneuronsfiretogetherrepeatedly,theseneuronstendtobecomewiredtogether.

•  Thisfiringandwiringtogetherstrengthens,knownasLTP(longtermpoten8a8on)

•  Whenneuronsstopfiringtogetherbondsweakenandmayevenletgo•  Explains,ataneuronallevel,howlearningandmemoryoccur.•  Italsohelpstoaccountforneuroplas8city

•  Repeatedexperiencecanstrengthenorweakenneuronalbonds

Experience‐BasedNeuroplas<city

•  Earlyamachmentbetweenmotherandchildcanlayafounda8onfortheabilitytoformhealthyinterpersonalrela8onships•  Stronginterpersonalamachmentsbringaboutmutualfiringofcertainneuronal

pamerns.(Tronic,2007)

•  Enrichedenvironments•  Studiesshowedthickeningofcor8cesofratslivinginenrichedenvironments

(Briones,Klintsova,Greenough,2004).•  Ratscuredofmentalretarda8onwhenplacedinenrichedenvironments

(Res8vo,etal.,2005).

•  Brainremappingfromexperiences•  Phantomlimbpa8ent’sbrainsremappedcor8calareafromlimbontoface

(Ramachandran,Ramachandran,&Stewart,1992)•  Sensorysystemsremapinblindanddeaf(Bavelier,etal.,2000).

•  Noveltyandcrea8vity•  S8mulateneuroplas8citythroughneurogenesisatthelevelofgeneexpression.

(Rossi&Lloyd,2009)

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Conclusions:HowTherapeu<cInterven<onsChangetheBrain

  Theexperiencesweprovideinourclinicalworkcanfosterneuroplas8city

 Newpamernsform Forexample,CBTcancalmanoverac8velimbicsystem

 MindfulnessandyogacancalmtheCNSandstabilizetheamen8on

 Differentac8va8onsofpathways Deac8va8ngthestresspathwayforanewbalance Fosteringrewardingexperiences

NeuroscienceFindingsAboutMedita<on

ThereAreDifferentFormsofMedita<on

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SeveralDis<nctFormsofMedita<onRevealedfromEEGResearch

•  Medita8onIsNotOneThing•  Researchersaredis8nguishingbetweenthedifferentformsbasedonEEGandfMRIstudies

FocusedMedita<on

• Amen8onfocusesonsomethingandstaysthere•  Suchasfocusonbreathing,postures,directedconcentra8on• Ac8vatesgammaandbetawaves•  Gammawavesfoundwhenpayingamen8ontosomething

•  Betawavescorrelatewithbeingawake(Zhang,Chen,Bressler,Ding,2008)

Non‐DirectedOpenMedita<on

•  Amen8onisopen‐ended,shioingmoment‐by‐moment•  Mindfulness,zazen,compassionmedita8on

•  Objectoffocusisopenandchanging•  Increasedalphaandthetawaves•  Alphaassociatedwithrelaxed,alertamen8on•  Thetacorrelatedwithmonitoringinnerexperiencing,crea8vity,andfeelingsofwell‐being(Lutzetal.,2009)

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Automa<cSelf‐Transcending

•  Absenceofcontrol,focus,oreffort•  Meditatortranscendsownexperience,respondingautoma8cally

•  TranscendentalMedita8onandDaoistMedita8ons

•  Higheralphainthefrontalareas•  Alphasassociatedwithrelaxed,alertamen8on•  (Travisetal.,2010)

CommonFeaturesofMedita<on

DualEffect

•  Longknownthatmedita8onproducescalm•  Meta‐analysisof31studiesshowedmedita8onwassuperiorto

simplerelaxa8ontechniques(Dilbeck&Orme‐Johnson,1987).

•  Graduallyresearchersrealizedthatdualeffectofrelaxa8onwithalertnessoccurringsimultaneously

•  EEGandfMRIrevealedadualeffectoccurringsimultaneously.

•  Notonlyweremeditatorsdeeplyrelaxed,buttheywerealsoalertwithheightenedamen8on(Lutzetal.,2004;Lazaretal.2005).

•  Normallywhenwearehighlyamen8vewearealertandsomewhattense,butinmedita8on,peoplearealertwhilealsorelaxedatthesame8me.

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BrainCoherence

  Highbraincoherenceduringmedita8on

(Hankey,2006)

•  Long‐rangegammawavesarefiringinharmony.

•  Associatedwithimprovedqualityofamen8on,sensoryacuityandbemerfunc8oningingeneral.

BrainAreasInvolved

•  Ac8va8ons: PFCandcingulategyrusforalertness

 RightHippocampusandamygdalaforbemeraffectregula8on

•  Deac8va8on Thalamus,Re8cularForma8onforrelaxa8on

 ParietalLobeforlesssensorys8mulitocortex Mayexplainthefeelingofonenessandmergingwiththeuniversethroughenhancedinnerexperiencing

StructuralChangesinKeyACen<onAreas:SlowsCor<calThinningofAging

  Subjects&Procedures•  20long‐8memeditatorsinnormallifestyles•  Theyhadmeditatedfor9years,6hours/week•  Comparedto15non‐medita8ngcontrols

  Results•  Structuralincreasedthicknessofspecificareasincerebralcortexthattypically

thinwithaging•  Thepre‐frontalcortexandright&anteriorinsula

  Prefrontalcortexinvolvedinamen8on,planning,execu8vefunc8oning  Anteriorinsulaislinkedtolimbicsystem,homeosta8cbalanceofsympathe8cand

parasympathe8cnervoussystemandinterocep8on(awarenessofinternalbodystates)

•  Thickeningwasmostpronouncedinoldersubjects•  Oldermeditators’cor8calthicknesswascomparableto20yearolds•  (Lazar,etal.,2005)

1

2

3

4

2

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StructuralThickeninginMeditators

•  StudyfoundthatZenmedita8onthickenedthegraymamerintheanteriorcingulategyrus(Grantetal.,2010),anteriorinsulaandbilateralpara‐hippocampus–  Keyareasforconflictmonitoring,painregula8on,interocep8on,&memory

•  Comparedtwogroups:Regularmeditatorsandnon‐meditatorswhohadneverexperiencedchronicpainorneverprac8cedmedita8on

•  Measuredthermalpainagainstcalf

•  Centralbrainregionsregula8ngpainwerethickerinmeditatorsthannon‐meditators

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Generalmodelforformsofmeditation:

Formfollowsfunction

FunctionsFillingtheMind;EmptyingtheMind

General model continued

Three Forms: Focus Meditations (Today)

Open Monitoring Meditations (Saturday) Self-Transcending-Unconscious Meditations (Sunday)

PartIII:DevelopingYourMedita<onTools

SensoryToolsCogni8veToolsBodyTools

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SensoryTools

•  Listeningwiththeskin– Touchyourarm– Touchthetable– Touchyourclothing– Sensethedifferences

•  Listeningasyouspeak– Listeningwithearsopen– Listeningwithearscovered

MentalToolsAmen8onandConcentra8on

•  Amen8ontoanouterobject•  Amen8ontoaninnerobject

MentalTools:!Visualiza8on&Imagina8on

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Visualiza8on&Imagina8on

BodyTools

 Amen8ontoposture•  Fromstandingtosisng

 Awarenessofobject

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 Findingyourcenterinsisng

 Aligningwithgravitystanding

Mind‐BodyLink

 Ideomotor

 Visualizerelaxa8on

FocusMedita<ons

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FocusonBreathingMedita8ons!

•  Coun8ngthebreaths•  Listeningtothebreaths•  Movingwiththebreath

•  TheCompleteBreath

•  Experiencingthebreath

WorkingwithFocusedAmen8onMedita8vely

•  Prac8ceperceivingdetails

•  Selec8velyamendingtoonethingandnotanother

•  Narrowingandwideningfocusofamen8on

Postures

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EnhancingVitality,Flexibility,andStrength:ChairSisng

•  Ensurethattheclientissecureinthechair•  Situpright,slightlyforward•  Holdontochairseatifneeded•  Letfeettouchthefloor

•  Takeamomentforawarenessofsisng

•  Breathecomfortablyforseveralminutes

BeforeYouBeginMoving

ModifiedChairSisngArmReach

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ChairSisngArmSwing

ChairSisngTriangle

ChairSisngSunSaluta8on

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UsingPosturesandBreathingforExperien8alChange

WarriorforInnerStrength

SavasanaforRelaxa8on

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ChildPoseforaSenseofSecurity

TriangletoFosterFlexibility

BalancingwithNostrilBreathing

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Pratyahara

•  Withdrawingofamen8on•  DoingandNot‐doing•  Withdrawingthesenses&energydeliberately

•  Allowingthoughtstoslownaturally

Dharana

•  NarrowingAmen8on•  Exampleofdogonarope

•  Focusonamantra:OM•  Sound•  ImagineSound•  Picture•  Concept:CosmicVibra8onoftheuniverse

Dhyana

•  OpeningFocusedAmen8on•  Thought,object,andthinkerareone•  Concentrateontheideaofmedita8on•  Thinkaboutallyouarelearningtoday•  Letyourthoughtsassociateaboutmedita8onmoregenerally

•  Allowyourselftobecomemedita8ve:Justbeinghereinmedita8on

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MakingaParadigmShi.

Saturday,April28

Yoga

•  AncientHindutexts:  TheVedas5000‐2000BC  Upanishads(800‐600BC)  BhagavadGita(fiKhtosecondcenturyBC)

• Yogaincludesmorethanpostures

• Meaningofthewordyoga:Toyoke

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PatanjaliOutlineofYoga(2ndCenturyAD)!

•  YogaSutras&MetaphorofaTreewithEightLimbs•  Yamas•  Niyamas•  Asanas•  Pranayama•  Pratyahara•  Dharana•  Dhyana•  Samadhi

Pa?ernsofCogniAoninYoga

•  Withdrawfromeverydayconsciousness•  Focusa\en]onandkeepitsteady•  Concentra]on

•  Selec]velya\endtoonethingandnotanother•  Contempla]on

•  Sequenced,inten]onalreflec]onontheobjectofa\en]on

•  Joinconsciousnesswiththelarger,greateruniversalconsciousness

  YAMAS:Avoidingthingsweshouldavoid  Don’tlietoothersortoyourself

 Forexample:Whenclientsblameothersfortheirproblems,theyarelyingtothemselves

  Nonharmingtobuildmo]va]onforchange Substanceabuse,hos]lity,etchurtyou

 NIYAMAS:Doingthingsweshoulddo Puritymeansfosteringhealthyhabits Seekhighervalues

 Recognizethathappinessispossible Createcondi]onsforspiritualfulfillment

 Usingmedita]on,yogabreathingandpostures

UsingYamasandNiyamasforforCognitiveReframing

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Yama&NiyamaMeditaAons

•  AhimsaNonViolenceofthoughts,ac]ons,anddeedstoselfandothers

•  Focuson:HappinessisPossible!Weweavetheclothofoureveryday

BywhatwedoandgiveThefabricofoureveryway

Ismadebyhowwelive

Buddhism

•  OriginsinHinduism•  BeganwithSiddharthaGautama(563‐483B.C.)

•  HebecametheBuddha,theAwakenedOne•  Theravada

•  Earlyapproachreflec]ngBuddha’sprac]cesandlifestyle•  RenouncethislifeforNirvana•  Arhatidealforamonk’slife•  Mindfulness

•  Mahayana•  ReinterpretedBuddhismmorebroadlytoincludelaymenintheirculturalcontext

•  Enlightenmentinthislife•  Bodhisa\vaidealofaltruism•  Emp]ness

•  Vajrayana‐TheThirdVehicle‐TibetanBuddhism•  CombinesYogaandBuddhism•  UsesSymbolicprac]cessuchasmantras&mandalas

TheFourNobleTruths

  1)LifeisFilledwithSuffering Notpessimis]c

  2)RecognizetheRootofSuffering Self‐centereddesires  Impermanence

  3)Howtoputanendtosuffering Leknggoofcravingforpleasureandha]ngpain Cul]vatenon‐judgmentalawareness Appreciatethingsastheyare

  4)FollowtheEighloldPath RightViews,RightIntent,RightSpeech,RightAc]onRightLivelihood,RightEffort,RightMindfulness,RightMedita]on

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Pa?ernsofCogniAoninBuddhism

•  Detachment

•  Skep]calstepawayfromlogic•  Non‐judgmentalawareness•  Co‐dependentorigina]on•  Emp]ness•  CompassionandLovingKindness

Love,Compassion&GraAtudeMeditaAon

•  Focusongra]tude/love•  Stabilizesautonomicnervoussystem

•  Opensheart&mind

•  Clientcandothisfirstthinginthemorningandrightbeforesleep

•  Thinkofsomethingyouaregratefulfornow

• Meditateoncompassionatefeelingsforothers

Daoism

 AncientChinesePhilosophy ReligiousDaoismdevelopedaswell Basedinonefundamentalprinciple:TheWayoftheDao

  Legendaryfounder•  Laotseb.604BC•  WrotethefamousDaoDeJing

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DaoistThemes

  Dao•  Undifferen]ated,unknowablesourceforallthings

 Theuncarvedblock:beforeitisanythingcanbeallthings  YinandYang•  Howobjectsmanifestintheworld

 Upisinrela]onshiptodown;darktolight  Qi•  Allismoving,flowing,changingenergy

  Non‐Ac]on:Wu‐wei•  Takenoac]onandnothingisleKundone•  Gowiththeflowandletbe

DaoistApplicaAons

•  Healing•  Acupuncture&Acupressure•  HerbalMedicine

•  YellowEmperorClassic

•  Pain]ng•  Feng‐shui•  Qigong•  Mar]alArts

•  Truenatureofcogni]onisitsraw,uncreatedflow,beforeconstructs

•  Allcogni]ondifferen]atesintoopposites

•  Everythingisalwayschangingincycles

•  A\uneconsciousnesstothisnatureoftheuniversetolivewellandaccomplish

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AllowingUnconsciousFlow

•  A\uningtotheunconsciousflow– Lowerstheac]va]onoftheautonomicnervoussystem

– Returnstoacalmerallosta]cbalance

•  Lekngbe

•  Returntotheuncarvedblockwithin

ZenBuddhism

 ZencamefromablendingofBuddhism&Daoism

 Bodhidharma(440‐528) LegendaryFounderofZen Alsofoundedmar]alarts ReturntopureformofBuddhismwithoutritualsandelaborateprac]ces

 Taughtmedita]on

 ZentraveledtoKoreaandJapanandthentotheWest

ZenThemes

•  Self‐awakeningbeyondconcepts Nonlinguis]c,nonra]onal,non‐analy]calthought

•  Fingerpoin]ngtothemoonisnotthemoon

•  Emp]ness:Notevennothingexists Formisemp]nessandemp]nessisform

•  Similartoscien]ficrecogni]onthattheworldisnotsolidandrealsub‐atomically,yetitisrealandsubstan]al

•  No‐selfnature•  Enlightenmentiswisdom’sfulfillment

 FamousZensaying:BeforeZen,Mountainsweremountains…

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Pa?ernsofCogniAoninZen

•  Clearingthemindisnotclearingawaythoughts

•  Setasidethoughtorexpecta]on

•  Eachmomentisnew

•  Directpercep]onispossible

ZenMethods

•  Medita]on

•  ZenArts•  Koans

MindfulImmersioninEachMoment

•  Followtheflowofsensa]ons•  Quietstheprefrontalcortex•  Calmsthenervoussystem

•  Don’tlabel,justno]ce•  Eachmomentisnew

•  Letgotostaywitheachnewsensa]on

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TheAnxiousManWhoLearnedtoFaceThingsasTheyCame

TheBipolarManWhoA?unedtoHisCycles

andFoundBalance

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TheHeroinAddictWhoDetached

fromCrimeandDrugs

TheWomanWhoUsedMeditaAon’sDualEffecttoCopeWellwithStress

andMakePeacewithHerFamily

LearningMeditaAonforTherapists

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PhysiologicalDimension

•  Manymedita]onshavephysiologicaleffects

•  Experienceitpersonallytofeelphysiologicaldimensions

•  Skillsimprovewithprac]ce

CogniAveDimension

•  Easterntradi]onswithmedita]onasthesourcecanopennewcogni]vedimensions

•  Somethingtobegainedfromincorpora]ngschemasfrommanytradi]ons

•  Experiencemedita]onforyourself!

BenefitstoPracAAoners

•  Stressreduc]onforhealthcareprofessionals

•  (Omanet.al,2006;Shapiroet.al.2005)

•  Enhancestherapeu]ceffec]veness

•  (Grepmairetal.,2007)

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TeachingMeditaAontoClients

HowToIntroduceMeditaAon

•  Mastery:Beginwiththeeasy

•  Usethelogicoferrorlesslearning

•  Beginwith10seconds

•  Startwithsomethingconcrete

SpecialConsideraAons

•  Keepeyesopenforpa]entswithtendenciestodelusions

•  Agitated:Don’tuseenergymoving

•  Depressed,useexternalobjectsoffocus

•  Anxious:Somegetmoreagitatedwithquie]ngsointroduceac]vemedita]ons

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Easy4‐StepMethod

•  Observe•  SuspendJudgment

•  Meditate

•  Allow

WORKINGWITHSPECIALPOPULATIONS

TheVeryOldandtheVeryYoung

WorkingwithAging

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WorkingwithDemenAas

•  Preliminaryresearchhasfoundthateventhosewithdemen]aandAlzheimer'scanregainsomefunc]oning–  RobertBender,MDMedicalDirectoroftheJohnnyOrrMemoryCenterandHealthyAgingIns]tute.DesMoines,Iowa

•  Combinedmedica]on,medita]on,exercise,lowfatdiet,cogni]vetraining,andsocializa]on

•  Thetheoryisthatneuronscanformnewbranches

EarlyAlzheimer'sResearch

•  Subjectsages52‐77withmemoryproblems•  Guidedmedita]onwithaCD

•  Significantincreasesincerebralbloodflowinprefrontalandparietallobes

•  Improvedintestsofcogni]on,memory,&a\en]on

(Newberg,Wintering,Khalsa,Roggencamp,&WaldmanMedita]oneffectsoncogni]vefunc]onandcerebralbloodflowinsubjectswithmemoryloss:apreliminarystudy.(2010).J.Altzheimer’sDisease,20,2,517‐26)

TheNunStudy

•  678nunswerestudiedfor15years– Atelowfatdiet– Hadstrongsocial]es– Challengedthemselvesmentally– Regularmedita]onpartofthetotaltreatmentregime

– Hadfaith•  Livedverylong,ac]ve,healthylives•  Autopsiesshoweddis]nctsignsofAlzheimer’sinbrainbutnosymptomsofitinhowtheylived

•  (Snowdon,D.A.,Greiner,L.H.,Kemper,S.J.,Nanayakkara,N.,&Mor]mer,J.A.(1999).Linguis]cabilityinearlylifeandlongevity:FindingsfromtheNunStudy.InJ.M.Robine,B.Fore\e,C.Franceschi,&M.Allard(Eds).,Theparadoxesoflongevity.Berlin:Springer.)

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ExercisingMemoryMeditaAvely

What’sTheSameandDifferent

•  Useallthemedita]ons&postureswehavebeenworkingwith

•  OKentheelderlyhavespecialneeds•  Adaptyourmethodstosuitthem

WorkingwithPain

  Research  UsingZenmedita]onreducedpain(Green&Rainville,2009)

  Meditatorshavelessnega]veappraisalofpain(Brown&Jones,2010)

  Acceptanceofpainforonlywhatitisandnomore•  Notapunishment

•  Doesn’tneedtohurt

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WorkingwithPainConAnued

•  Medita]oncontrolsbothsensa]onsandsufferingbecause•  Itproducesaninhibi]onofsignalsthatarriveatthesomatosensorycortex

forpainintensity

•  Recallmedita]onlessensac]va]ontoparietallobewheresomatosensorycortexislocated

•  Italsomodulatespainprocessinginthelimbicsystemforpainunpleasantnessandsuffering.

•  Non‐judgmentalaktude

•  Detachment

WorkingwithPainExercises

  Mindfulawarenessofpainassensa]ons

  Distrac]onfrompainwithapeacefulimage

  Beonewiththepain;sufferwithit,notfromit.

  Breatheintothepainfularea

WorkingwithChildren

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PlayfulPostures

Beatree

Stretchlikeacat

MethodsChildrenEnjoy

•  HandWarming•  Medita]onContest

•  Medita]onwithDistrac]ons

OpenMonitoringMeditaAons

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ClassicMindfulnessMeditaAons

 Allwithanon‐judgmentalaktude:

 Mindfulofbody

 Mindfulofemo]ons Mindfulofthoughts Mindfulinthemoment

MindfulinAcAon

 MindfulSikng MindfulStanding

 MindfulMoving

WalkingMeditaAons

 SlowWalking FastWalking

 WalkingtheCircle

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MindfulBreathing

 FollowingtheBreath EachBreathisNew

MindfulSensing

 Followingsensoryexperiencing Tapping

BringingItAllTogether:Enlightenment

 Integra]ngMind‐Body‐Spirit

 UnityandOneness Gra]tudeMedita]on

 CompassionMedita]on

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ClinicalApplicaAons:TherapeuAcMeditaAons

• Stress pathway changes • When people are stressed or anxious the balance of the stress pathway is altered •  Their allostatic balance is at a higher activation level

• Meditation brings relaxation and calm • Shifts the balance back to lower activation for a healthier balance

• Meditation’s dual effect •  Deactivates an over-activated limbic system while enhancing the connections from frontal areas for better regulation

Stress

•  2/3ofclientswhocomeinfortherapycomplainaboutfeelingstressed.

•  Stressdisruptstheusualbalanceoftheorganism–  “Stressisaninternalorexternalcuethatdisruptsthehomeosta]cstatus.”•  (LarrySquire,neuroscienceresearcher)

•  HPApathwayisac]vated•  Medita]onhasbeenshowntorebalancetheautonomicnervoussystem

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Rebalancing

•  BodyQuie]ng– Findingbalancestanding– Breathingouttensions

•  MentalBalance– Guidedvisualiza]on:Pond– Personalvisualiza]on

A`tudeChange

•  Non‐JudgmentalAwareness– Describethestress– No]ceaktudestowardit•  It’sawful•  Ican’tstandit•  It’snotfair

– Medita]on•  Becomeawareofthesitua]onmoment‐by‐moment,non‐judgmentally

JustDoIt

•  Zenmasterssay,“WhenhungryIeat,when]redIsleep.”

•  JustDoItMedita]onMindfully– Dothisathomewithataskforwork,usuallyfindstressful

– Cellphone,handout•  WuweiMedita]on:Actwithoutac]ngforflowing,naturalac]on– Allowingexperiencingjustasitiswithoutalteringitinanyway

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MeeAngStressasaBodhisa?va

•  Medita]ononmee]ngyourstresswell– Don’taddtoit– Listenmindfully– Canyoudiscovernewpossibili]es?– Canyouhelpothers?– Canyoubecompassionatewithyourselfaswell?

Anxiety

•  ZenMasterandthewolves

RegularCalming

•  Recallearlyresearchthatshowedmeditatorsdevelopedpeacefulmomentnoma\erwhatmoodtheywereinbefore(Kohr,1977)

•  Youcanencouragecalmevenwhenclientsareuncomfortable

•  Calminthepresentmomentmedita]on– Noma\erwhathappenedbeforeorcomesaKer,canbecalminthismoment

–  Bemindfulnow

•  Prac]cecalmingoKen

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UntyingtheKnotsofAnxiety

•  Buddha’shandkerchiefandtheknots•  Mindfulawarenessofwhatyoutellyourself

•  Meditateonjustwhatis

•  Loosentheknotswithrelaxa]on•  Closingthegapbetweennowandlater

Trauma

•  Regularmedita]ontorebalanceanover‐ac]vatednervoussystem

•  Prac]ceamantraorritual:“Peace”

•  VisualizingaSanctuaryPlace

•  Findingsanctuaryinyourownclearmind

SubstanceAbuse

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• Substanceabusealterstherewardpathway• Rewardbecomeswiredtothesubstance• Neurons“learn”LTP

• Medita]oncanbringrewardwithoutthesubstance• Medita]onsgivesanenjoyableexperienceofwell‐being• Helpstherewardsystemtorewirebacktoahealthybalance

MeditaAonsforSubstanceAbuse

•  Develophealthydetachment•  Pratyahara:Withdrawfromcravings

•  Gobeyondpleasureandpain:Itiswhatitis

•  Prac]cemindfulawarenessoffeelingsandsensa]ons

•  Mindfulawarenessoftriggersitua]ons

•  Calmingandcenteringforbe\erself‐regula]onofbehavior

Depression

•  Workingwithdepressionintegra]vely– Neuro‐chemicalcomponent

– Cogni]vecontribu]ontodepression•  JudgmentalRumina]on

•  LearnedHelplessness– Socialinfluence•  ToxicRela]onships•  Peoplehur]ngoneanother

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• Rumina]onover‐ac]vatestheprefrontalcortex

• Mindfulnessnon‐judgmentalawarenessdeac]vatesthesefrontalareastoshiKthebalance

• Medita]onregulatesaffectbybalancingcingulategyrus(red)andfrontal(blue)areaswithlimbicsystem

AlteringtheBrainBalanceMeditaAvely

•  ShiKtheover‐ac]vatedfrontalareaswithbo\om‐upbreathingmedita]ons

ChangingCogniAon

•  TheManintheTower•  Beginwithasmallchangeandbuildonit– Minutemedita]onpossibili]es–  Pickwhatyourclientneeds

•  Mindfulawarenessofwhatdisturbsmindfulness– Observeitasifstandingontheshoreofastream

•  Accepteachexperience,justasitis

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ImprovingSocialInteracAons

•  Ac]onforitsownsake– WeoKendosomethingforthesakeofsomethingelse

– Prac]cesecretvirtue•  Socialinterac]ons,thetopicfortomorrow

InnerPeaceMeditaAon

•  Helpfultocul]vateforallpsychologicalproblems

•  Apeacefulmoment,hereandnow

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EastMeetsWest

Sunday,April29

WesternandEasternConcep0ons

• Whatistheworld?• Whatisthemindandbrain?

•  AncientsoftheWestlookedupintotheheavensandsawmaterialsubstance

•  Thereisarealworldtoexplore•  Findthenecessarycauses•  Definethelimits•  UseascienDficmethodtounderstandit

•  InvesDgatetolearnaboutthephysicalbrainthatisthere

•  Thenwewillknowthemindthroughthebrain

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•  AncientsoftheEastlookedupintotheheavensandsawvastempDness•  ThereisnolasDngmaterialsubstance•  AllreturnstotheunformedDao

•  DeriveameditaDvemethodtounderstandit•  LetgoofobstrucDons•  Remainabsolutelyemptyourselves

•  EasternphilosophicaltradiDonsareasrichanddiverseasWesternones

  Howcanamaterialbrainrelatetonon‐materialthoughtsandemoDons?

 Whycan’twelocateaseparateorganforeachemoDonlikewehavelungstobreathe?

  IsthebrainalasDngstructuresorisitprocessesinchange?

  IsthebrainfuncDoningaspartsorwholes?

  Howcanwe,lockedinourownbrainandbody,reachouttoothers?

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•  Itispossibletoentertaincontradictoryviewstogetherwithadifferentlogic

•  Don’ttakeforgrantedcertainassumpDons•  Includenewparadigmsformodels•  Incorporatechange•  UsemeditaDvemethodsalongwithscienDficmethodsfordevelopingmentalcapaciDestoenhanceintuiDonandnon‐raDonalfaculDes

•  TheusefulnessofacupisinitsempDness

•  OOenallwehaveiswhatisnot,theemptyfuncDon

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LearningfromWhatisNot:Brain‐DamagedPa0ents

• InbraindamagedpaDents,weonlyknowwhattheycannotdo

• PhineasGage• HMandthemirrortracingtask(Schoville&Milner,1957)

• Consciousandunconsciousmovementinsmiling

• WalkingVSmarching

PartsandWholesandTheirIntegra0on

•  TheDaoisanintegratedunityandyetitismadeofpartsrepresentedastheYin/Yang

•  Studyofthebrainaddressespartsandwholes•  LocalizaDonisexpressedinmemorysystems,hemisphericity

•  Worksasawhole,inthestressresponse,rewardpathway,anda^enDonalsystems

•  Howcanwereconcilethewholewithitsparts?

Thefundamentalinterrelationshipsofneurologyasthestudyofthepart‐functionsofthenervoussystem,andofpsychobiologyasthestudyofthetotalreactionsoftheindividualintegratedbythecerebrumareonlyoneexampleofthegeneralcallforstudyofthefunctionsofthepartsandthefunctionsofthewhole.‐‐‐AdolphMeyer(1842‐1908)(Meyer,1950,p.9).

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•  Imagineanet•  StretchesoutinfinitelyinalldirecDons•  Hasasinglegli^eringjewelateachofthenetconnecDons.•  Eachjewelreflectsintheonejewelandalsoreflectsalltheothers•  infinitereflecDngprocess(FlowerGarlandSutra).

•  UnifiednetworkacDngtogether•  Changingmoment‐by‐moment•  Aself‐creaDng,self‐maintaining,andselfdefiningunitywithouta

beginningoranend

•  Comestogetherineachmomentwithoutanyoutsidecauseorforce

•  Neuralnetworksshowhowwecangofromanindividualon‐offunitcombinedinanetworktoproduceafuncDon

•  NoonestructureiswhatmakesthefuncDonwhatitis;ratheritistheweightedinteracDonsalltogether,changingmomentbymoment

•  Self‐organizingsystems

•  ConnecDonistmodelsofthebraindescribefuncDonscomingfromcomplexinteracDoninanetworkofsynapDcconnecDons

•  Aristotle(384‐322BC):Athingisorisnot•  Nagarjuna(200AD):TheMiddleWay•  ComplementarityinphysicshasshownhowconflicDngexplanaDonscanbothbetrue(wavesandparDcles)

•  Andsoforthebrain,ifweholdtogetherinmindcontradicDons–differentapproacheswithdifferentlogic.

•  Then,morepossibiliDesopentousforresolvingthebrain’sparadoxes

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MirrorNeurons:OnenesswithOthers

•  ThebraincontainsasystemofneuronsthatrespondsdirectlytotheintenDonalacDonsofothers.

•  MirrorNeuronHypothesis:ThereisalinkbetweenparDcularneuronsinourownbrainandotherpeople’sacDons.

•  Mirrorneuronsarefoundinthefrontal,parietal,andtemporallobesofhumans

  FirstdiscoveredbyaccidentduringastudyofpremotorcortexofRhesusmonkey.

  Monkey’sneuronsfiredwhenwatchinggraduatestudenteaticecreamjustaswhenmonkeymovedfoodtoitsownmouth.

  LedtodiscoverythatneuronsinventralpremotorcortexacDvatewhenmakingamovementorobservingmovements(Gallese,Fadiga,Fogassi,&Rizzolak,1996).

  Laterstudiesfoundmirrorneuronsforvision,sound,touchaswellasmotor(Gallese,Keysers,&Rizzolak,2004).

  EmoDonalcentersalsohavemirror‐likequaliDes(Singer,etal.,2004)

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 Mirrorneuronsmakeitpossibletoliterallyfeelwhatothersfeel.  Abo^om‐upprocess

  So,mirrorneuronsareawindowintothemeaningworldofothers.

  Theyarefundamentalforsocialunderstanding(Pinedaetal.,2009).

  ThemirrorneuronsystemisthefoundaDonalbuildingblockforempathy

•  InmeditaDon,wefocusa^enDonandkeepitsteady

•  Intheprocess,wejoinourconsciousnesswiththegreateruniversalconsciousness

•  Ourmirrorneuronsarealwaysreadytofireinharmonywithothers

•  WeareOnewiththeuniverseasweresonateinharmonywithothers

PolyvagalTheoryBackground

•  AllemoDonsandinterpersonalinteracDonsarebiologicalprocesses•  ConDnualinteracDonbetweenphysiologicalandpsychologicalprocesses

•  Influencegoesbothways•  Breathingisdirectlyrelatedtothelimbicsystem•  10thCranialNerve,theVagusNerve

•  Originatesinmedullaandgoesallthewaydownintobreathingpassagesandabdomen

•  ConveyssensoryinformaDontothebrainfromthebody’sinternalorgans

•  Hasbothsensoryandmotora^achments•  Unifiesbreathing,emoDons,andcogniDon

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PolyvagalTheory

•  ExplainshowbreathingrelatestocogniDonandemoDon

•  ShowswhybreathingmeditaDonscanhaveaprofoundeffectonfeelingsandthoughts

SocialBrainandOneness•  WeareembodiedcogniDon•  Weresonatewithothers

•  Motherandchild’sbrainsinharmonytogether

•  WearewiredforrelaDonshipandlove•  A^achmentTheoryofrelaDonship

•  SecureA^achment

•  Problemswhensecurea^achmentnotformed•  AmbivalentA^achmentfrominconsistentparenDng

•  AvoidantA^achmentfromabusiveparenDng

•  MeditaDonenhancesoursenseofinterrelatedness

EnhancingInterpersonalAwarenessMedita0vely

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PersonalMedita0onsonRela0onships

•  Sharingasacouple,family,friend•  Buildsbonds•  GivesasharedposiDveexperience•  Removesobstacles•  Harmonizesnervoussystemstogether

•  CompassionmeditaDon•  EveryoneismyparentmeditaDon•  ExtendingCaringtoselfandothers

•  Onenesswithothers

MindfulMirroring

Chi‐sao

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DevelopingTherapeu0cPresence

•  CommonFactorsinAllformsofTherapeuDcEffecDveness•  Faith,hope,trust,•  TherapeuDcrelaDonship,•  Experienceofmastery•  TherapeuDcraDonale

•  Fosteringtheineffablequality

ExpandingPoten0al

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BypassingLimita0ons

•  HelpfulforyourownpersonalgrowthanddepthofpercepDon

•  Helpfulwithclientstobypassresistances

•  ImportanttorecognizethatmuchthatwetakeforgrantedasfixedrealiDesareactuallymoreplasDcandmalleablethanwemightthink

Percep0onisChangeable

•  ShiOingFramesofreference•  Jokeabouttheexperimentalrat

•  Howdoyougofromthisroomtothediningroom?

•  Seethechangingsquares

SensoryIntegra0on

•  Synesthesia•  5%ofthepopulaDonhasit•  Examplesofsynesthesias•  Ourresearchonsynesthesia•  Weallhaveali^lesynesthesiaeffect

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DecipherthisMar0anLanguage

• BooBaaandKiki

BodyImageisMalleable

 Noseexercise

BroadeningThinking

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13

Howmanydirec0onsarethere?

710

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CanYouReadThis?

Osibilisiergo

Fortebusesinero

Nobilidemistrux

Siwa0sinem

Kowzendux

Crea0veThinking

 Howmanywayscanyoucombinethesetriangles?

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Crea0veThinkingPossibili0es

Self‐TranscendingMedita0onsOpeningtoEnlightenment

LeTngGo:Body

 ArmLiO

 ShoulderLiO

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LeTngGoMovement

•  Qi‐Gong:FromConscioustoUnconsciousMovement•  RaisingandLoweringArms•  Circling•  InandOutArms

•  Freeflowmovement

Invi0ngUnconsciousResponsiveness

•  Experienceinhands•  AutomaDcmovement

•  VisualizeandallowarmliOing

•  Ahelpfulmemory,thought,orimage,•  Allowittodevelop

•  Workwithspontaneousmemory,thought,orexperience•  Handcangoupasremember,stayupasexperienceit,lowerwhenready

LeTngBeMedita0ons:Wuwei

•  AllowingSDllnessMeditaDon•  BusyPondtoTwilightQuiet

•  RecallyourownsDllmomentandallow

•  FollowtheflowofyourexperiencenowtosDllness

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Koans:BeyondRa0onalThought

•  Flagblowinginthewind

•  WhichhandisleO

•  Mu

Zazen

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ReturningtoYourMeditaDveCenter

•  TakinganInwardGlance•  FocustoGatherA^enDon•  Amindfulmomentforcentering

•  Allowfree‐flow

•  Doitregularly

•  Letyourprofessionalethicsandpersonalbeliefsguideyou•  Fosterthesethroughstudy,thought,andhealthyrouDnes

•  DevelopyourintuiDonwithregularmeditaDon

•  MeditateRegularly•  Findyourowninnerpeace•  Enlightenmentishereandnowinthismoment

Integra0ngMedita0onIntoYourPrac0ce

Medita0onReview

•  MeditaDonTools•  FocusMeditaDons

–  Breathing–  Color– OutertoInner

•  Mindfulness–  Body– Mind–  EmoDons– MomenttoMoment

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Medita0onReview2

•  MantraMeditaDon•  OpenMeditaDon

– Wuweilekngbe– ZazenfollowingtoempDness– Leknggotothemoment

•  GraDtude,Compassion,andLovingKindness

FinalMedita0on

ThankYou!•  ContactUs:

•  EMAIL:•  annellenandalex@radiantdolphinpress.com

•  Webpage:

• simpkins.radiantdolphinpress.com

•  Facebook:•  Annellen‐AlexSimpkins•  AnnellenSimpkins,PhD&C.AlexanderSimpkins,PhD•  DaoofNeurosciencePage• MeditaDonforTherapistsandTheirClientsPage• MeditaDonandYogainPsychotherapyPage

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SelectedSIMPKINS&SIMPKINSBooks

Bibliography

for

Therapeutic Meditation for Mind-Brain-Body Transformation Handout

C. Alexander Simpkins, PhD and Annellen M. Simpkins, PhD

Abou Nader, T.M., Alexander, C. N., & Davies, J. L. 1990. The Maharishi technology of the unified field and reduction of armed conflict: A comparative longitudinal study of Lebanese villages. In R. A. Chalmers, C. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, & M. Weinless (Eds), Scientific Research in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program: Collected Papers. Vol. 4. Vlodrop, Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press.

Aftanas, L. & Golosheykin, S. 2005. Impact of regular meditation practice on EEG activity at rest and during evoked negative emotions. International Journal of Neuroscience. 115. 5, 893-909.

Baer, R.A. 2003. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 2, 125-143.

Baer, R. A. (Ed). 2006. Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinicians guide to evidence base and applications. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.

Bavelier, D., Tomann, A., Hutton, C., Mitchell, T., Liu, G., Corina, D., & Neville, H. (2000). Visual attention to the periphey is enhanced in congenitally deaf individuals. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 17, 1-6. Behanan, K. 1937. Yoga as scientific study. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. Benson, H., Marzetta, B. R., and Klenchuck, H. M. 1974. Decreased blood pressure in borderline hypertensive subjects who practiced meditation. Journal of Chronic Diseases. 7852, 289-291.

Benson, H. 1975. The Relaxation Response. New York: William Morrow & Co.

Benson, H. 1978. Treatment of anxiety: A comparison of the usefulness of self-hypnosis and a meditational relaxation technique: An overview. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 30, 229-242.

Benson, H. & Wallace, R.K. 1972. Decreased drug abuse with transcendental meditation: A study of 1862 subjects. In C. Zarafonetis (Ed.), Drug-abuse: Proceedings of the International Conference, 239-252. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.

Bhatia, M. Kumar, A., Kumar, N., Pandey, R.M., & Kochupillai, V. 2003. Electrophysiologic evaluation of Sudarshan Kriya yoga: an EEG, BAER and P300 study. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 47, 157-163.

Briones, T. L., Klintsova, A. Y., Greenough, W. T. (2004). Stability of synaptic plasticity

in the adult rat visual cortex induced by complex environment exposure. Brain Res., 20, 1018, 1, 130-5. Brosse, T. 1946. A psychophysiological study. Main Currents in Modern Thought. 4, 77-84.

Brown, C. A. & Jones, A. K. P. (2010). Meditation experience predicts less negative appraisal of pain: Electrophysiological evidence for the involvement of anticipatory neural responses. Pain. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.04.017.

Cahn, B. R., Delorme, A., & Polich, J. 2010. Occipital gamma activation during vipassana meditation. Cognitive Processing, 11, 1, 39–56. Cahn, B.R. & Polich, J. 2006. Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin. 132, 2, 180-211.

Chadwidfk, P. 2005. Mindfulness groups for people with psychosis. Behavioral & Cognitive Psychotherapy. 33, 351-359.

Chiesa, A. 2009. Zen meditation: An integration of current evidence. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15, 5, 1–8.

Davies, J. L., & Alexander, C. N. 1989. Alleviating political violence through reduction of collective stress: Impact assessment analysis of the Lebanon war. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta.

Davidson, R. J. 2010. Empirical explorations of mindfulness: Conceptual and methodological conundrums. Emotion, 10, 1, 8-11. Davidson, R. J., & Lutz, A. 2008. Buddha’s brain: Neuroplasticity and meditation. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 25, 1, 171-174. Davidson, R.J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M, Muller, D., Santorelli, S.E. et al 2003. Alterations in brain and immune functions produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychomatic Medicine, 65, 4, 564-570.

Deutsch, E. (Trans). 1968. The Bhagavad-Gita. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

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Dillbeck, M.C., Assimakis, P.D., Raimondi, D., Orme-Johnson, D.W., & Rowe, R. 1986. Longitudinal effects of the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program on cognitive ability and cognitive style. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 62, 731-738.

Evans-Wentz, E. Y. 1954. The Tibetan Book of the Great Liberation. London: Oxford University Press.

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premotorcortex.Brain.119,598‐609.Gallese,V.,Keysers,C.,&Rizzolatti,G.2004.Aunifyingviewofthebasisofsocialcognition.TrendsinCognitiveScience.8.9,397‐401.Goleman J. & Schwartz, G.E. 1976. Meditation as an intervention in stress reactivity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 44, 3, 456-466.

Green. E, Green A.& Walters, E. Dale 1970. Voluntary control of internal states: psychological and physiological. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. 1, 1-26.

Grant, J. A., Rainville, P. (2009). Pain Sensitivity and Analgesic Effects of Mindful States in Zen Meditators: A Cross-Sectional Study. Psychosom Med, 71, 106-114

Grant, J. A., Courtemanche, J. , Duerden, E. G., Duncan, G. H., & Rainville, P. (2010). Cortical thickness and pain sensitivity in Zen. Emotion. 10, 1, 43-53.

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Hagelin, J.S., Rainforth, M. V., Cavanaugh, K.L.C., Alexander, C.N. Shatkin, S. F., Davies, J.L., Hughes, A.O., Ross, E., & Orme-Johnson, W. 1999. Effects of group practice of the transcendental meditation program on preventing violent crime in Washington, D.C.: Results of the national demonstration project, June-July 1993. Social Indicators Research. 47. 2, 153-201. Hankey, A. 2006. Studies of advanced stages of meditation in the Tibetan Buddhist and Vedic traditions. I: A comparison of general changes. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 3, 4, 513-521 Hebb, D.O. (1949). The organization of behaviour. New York: Wiley. Hempel, & Ott. 2006. Effects of Hatha-Yoga: Autonomic balance, absorption, and health. Unpublished manuscript.

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James, W. 1918. Selected papers on philosophy by William James. London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd. Hirai, T. (1974), Psychophysiology of Zen. Tokyo: Igaku Hoin Ltd.

Kasamatsu, A., & Hirai, T. 1966. An electroencephalographic study of the Zen meditation. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologia Japonica, 20, 315-336.

Khalsa, S. S., Rudrauf, D., Damasio, A. R., Davidson, R. J., Lutz, A., & Tranel, D. 2008. Interoceptive awareness in experienced meditators. Psychophysiology, 45,4, 671-7. Kohr. R.L. 1977. Dimensionality in the meditative experience. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. 9,2, 193-203.

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Langer, E. J. 1982. Overview: Clinical and physiological comparison of meditation with other self-control strategies. American Journal of Psychiatry. 139, 3, 267-274.

Lazar, S.W., Kerr, C. E., Wasserman, R.H., Gray, J.R., Greve, M., Treadway, T., McGarvey, M. Quinn, B.T. Dusek, J.A., Benson, H., Rauch, S.L. Moore, C.L. Fischl, B. 2005. Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. NeuroReport. 16, 17, 1893-1897.

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Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Perlman, D., & Davidson, R. J. 2009. BOLD signal in insula is differentially related to cardiac function during compassion meditation in experts vs. novices. NeuroImage 47, 3, 1038–1046. Lutz, A., Slagter, H., Rawling, N., Francis, A., Greischar, L. L., & Davidson, R.J. 2009. Mental training enhances attentional stability: Neural and behavioral evidence. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 42, 13418 –13427.

Lutz, A., Brefczynski-Lewis, J. A., Johnstone, T., & Davidson, R. J. 2008. Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: Effects of meditative expertise. PLoS ONE, 3, 3, e1897. Lutz, A., Slagter, H. A. Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. 2008. Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Science. 12, 4, 163-169.

Lutz, A., Greischar, L.L., Rawlings, N., Ricard, M., & Davidson, R.J. 2004. Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental practice. Neuroscience, 101, 46, 16369-16373.

Meyer, A. (1950). The collected papers of Adolph Meyer. Neurology, Volume I. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. Miller, J.J., Fletcher, K., & Kabat-Zinn, J. 1995. Three-year follow up and clinical implications of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention in the treatment of anxiety disorders. General Hospital Psychiatry, 17, 192-200.

Osis, K. Bokert, E., Carlson, M.L. 1973. Dimensions of the meditative experience. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. 5,1, 109-135.

Oman, D. Hedberg, J. & Thoresen, C. 2006. Passage meditation reduces perceived stress in health professionals: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 74, 4, 714-719.

Panjwani, U., Selvamurthy, W., Singh, S.H., Gupta, H.L., Mukhopadhyay, S. & Thakur, L. 2000. Effect of Sahaja yoga meditation on auditory evoked potentials (AEP) and visual contrast sensitivity (VCS) in epileptics. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 25, 1, 1-12.

Perkins, F. 2004. Leibnitz and China: A commerce of light. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pilkington, K., Kirkwood, G., Rampes, H., & Richardson, J. 2005. Yoga for depression: The research evidence. Journal of Affective Disorders. Vol. 89, 1, 13-24. Pineda, J. A., Moore, R., Elfenbeinand, H., & Cox, R. (2009). Hierarchically organized mirroring processes in social cognition: The functional neuroanatomy of empathy. in J. A. Pineda (ed). Mirror neuron systems: The role of mirroring processes in social cognition. New York: Humana., pp. 135-162. Price, A. F. and W. Mou-Lam. 1990. The diamond sutra and the sutra of Hui-Neng. Boston: Shambhala.

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Ramachandran, V. S., Rogers-Ramachandran, D. C. & Stewart, M. (1992). Perceptual correlates of massive cortical reorganization, Science, 258, 5085. 1159-1160. Reps, P. 1994. Zen flesh, Zen bones. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle Co.

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Simpkins, C. A. and A. M. Simpkins. 2010. The dao of neuroscience: Combining eastern and western principles for optimal therapeutic change. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

Simpkins, C. A. & A. M. Simpkins. 2010. Meditation and yoga in psychotherapy: Techniques for Clinical Practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.

Simpkins, C. A. & A. M. Simpkins. 2009. Meditation for therapists and their clients. New York: Norton Professional Books

Simpkins, C. A. & A. M. Simpkins. 2007. Meditation from thought to action with audio CD. San Diego: Radiant Dolphin Press.

Simpkins, C. A. & A. M. Simpkins. 2003. Buddhism in ten: Easy lessons for spiritual growth. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.

Simpkins, C. A. & A. M. Simpkins. 2003. Zen in ten: Easy lessons for spiritual growth. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.

Simpkins, C. A. & A. M. Simpkins. 2003. Yoga basics. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.

Simpkins, C. A. & A. M. Simpkins. 2001. Simple Tibetan Buddhism: A guide to tantric living. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.

Simpkins, C. A. & A. M. Simpkins. 2000. Simple Buddhism: A guide to enlightened living. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.

Simpkins, C. A. & A. M. Simpkins. 1999. Simple Taoism: A guide to living in balance. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.

Simpkins, C. A. & A. M. Simpkins.1999. Simple Zen: A guide to living moment by moment. Boston: Tuttle Publishing.

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PublishedandForthcomingBooks

ByC.AlexanderSimpkins,PhDandAnnellenM.Simpkins,PhD

PhilosophyandMeditation• (2012forthcoming).TheTaoofBipolarDisorder.NewHarbinger.• (2012).ZenMeditationinPsychotherapy:TechniquesforClinicalPractice.John

Wiley&Sons.• (2011).MeditationandYogainPsychotherapy:TechniquesforClinicalPractice.John

Wiley&Sons.• (2009).MeditationforTherapistsandClients,NortonProfessionalBooks• (2007).&(2004).MeditationfromThoughttoActionwithAudioCD.Radiant

DolphinPress.(1998)TuttlePublishing.• (2004).PrinciplesofMeditationwithAudioCD.RadiantDolphinPress.(1996).

TuttlePublishing.• (2004).LivingMeditationwithAudioCD.RadiantDolphinPress.(1997),Tuttle

Publishing.• (2003).YogaBasics.TuttlePublishing.• (2003).ZeninTen:EasyLessonsforSpiritualGrowth.TuttlePublishing.• (2003).BuddhisminTen:EasyLessonsforSpiritualGrowth.TuttlePublishing.• (2002).TaoinTen:EasyLessonsforSpiritualGrowth.TuttlePublishing.• (2001).SimpleTibetanBuddhism:AGuidetoTantricLiving.TuttlePublishing.• (2000).SimpleBuddhism:AGuidetoEnlightenedLiving.TuttlePublishing.• (2000).SimpleConfucianism:AGuidetoLivingVirtuously.TuttlePublishing.• (1999).SimpleTaoism:AGuidetoLivinginBalance.TuttlePublishing.• (1999).SimpleZen:AGuidetoLivingMomentbyMoment.TuttlePublishing.• (1998).ZenAroundtheWorld:A2500‐YearJourneyfromtheBuddhatoYou.Tuttle

Publishing.Psychotherapy,Hypnosis,andNeuroscience• (2012forthcoming).NeuroscienceforClinicians.Springer• (2010).Neuro‐Hypnosis:UsingSelf‐HypnosistoActivatetheBrainforChange.

NortonProfessionalBooks.• (2010).TheDaoofNeuroscience:CombiningEasternandWesternPrinciplesfor

OptimalTherapeuticChange.NortonProfessionalBooks• (2005)&(1999).EffectiveSelf‐Hypnosis:PathwaystotheUnconscious&cassette

orAudioCD.RadiantDolphinPress.• (2004).Self‐HypnosisforWomen&AudioCD.RadiantDolphinPress.• (2001).Self‐HypnosisPlainandSimple.Boston:TuttlePublishing.• (2001).TimelessTeachingsfromtheTherapyMasters.RadiantDolphinPress.OtherBooks• (2005).Taekwondo:BuildingontheBasics.RadiantDolphinPress.• (2002).ChungDoKwan:ThePowerofTaeKwonDo.TuttlePublishing.• (2002).APerfectWorld:TheRomFiles.RadiantDolphinPress.ForeignEditions• (2010).Polish.MeditationforTherapistsandtheirClients• (2006).Italian.FondamentidiYoga.OrientalPress.

• (2006).Indonesian.SimpleBuddhism.BIP,PTBhuanailmuPopuler.• (2006).Indonesian.SimpleTaoism.BIP,PTBhuanailmuPopuler.• (2006).Indonesian.SimpleConfucianism.BIP,PTBhuanailmuPopuler.• (2004).Russian:ZeninTen.Mockbb.• (2003).Spanish(Spain):AutohypnosisFacilYSimple.ArkanoBooks.• (2002).Italian.AutoipnosiEricksoniana.Astrolabio.• (2002).Swedish.TaoFranBorjan.SvenskaForlaget.• (2001).Spanish(Spain).ElZenSimple.OceanoAmbar.• (2000).Spanish(Spain).ElTaoSimple.OceanoAmbar.• (2000).Dutch.BasisgidsTaoisme.Bosch&Keuning.• (2000).Dutch.BasisgidsZen.Bosch&Keuning.• (2000).French.LePetitLivreduTao.LaTableRonde.• (2000).French.LePetitLivreduZen.LaTableRonde.• (2000).Irish.SimpleTaoism.Newleaf:Gil&Macmillan.• (2000).Irish.SimpleZen.Newleaf:Gil&Macmillan.• (1999).Spanish(Mexico).PrincipiosdeMeditacion.EditorialDiana.• (1996).Dutch.MeditatieStapvoorStap.HMP.• (1996).Dutch.MeditatieEenInleidinginOntspanning.Bzztoh.