theories developmental psychology. theories of development psychoanalytic theory freud erickson...
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Theories of DevelopmentPsychoanalytic Theory
FreudErickson
Learning Theory (Behaviorism)SkinnerWatsonBandura
Humanistic TheoryMaslowRogers
Cognitive TheoryPiaget
Do we need to know names?And theories? And Faces? And that’s it!
Freud Watson Bandura Maslow
Erickson Skinner Piaget Rogers
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freud’s theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality and adult lives
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Psychoanalysis Two Modern Definitions for the term Freud’s theory of personality that attributes our thoughts
and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts techniques used in treating psychological disorders by
seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Unconscious according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable
thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories Outside of our conscious awareness
contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware
Personality Structure
Id contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive
drives operates on the pleasure principle, demanding
immediate gratification
Personality Structure
Superego the part of personality that presents
internalized ideals provides standards for judgment (the
conscience) and for future aspirations
Personality Structure
Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure
Id
Superego
Ego Conscious mind
Unconscious mind
Personality Development
Psychosexual Stages the childhood stages of development
during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
Oedipus Complex a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother
and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Personality Development
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Stage FocusOral Pleasure centers on the mouth–(0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing
Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for controlPhallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelingsLatency Dormant sexual feelings(6 to puberty)
Genital Maturation of sexual interests(puberty on)
Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms the ego’s protective methods of reducing
anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
Repression the basic defense mechanism that
banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Defense Mechanisms
Regression defense mechanism in which an
individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
Defense Mechanisms
Reaction Formation defense mechanism by which the ego
unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites
people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
Defense Mechanisms
Projection defense mechanism by which people
disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
Rationalization defense mechanism that offers self-justifying
explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions
Check handout on website for more examples
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Approximateage Stage Description of Task
Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants(1st year) develop a sense of basic trust.
Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and (2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they
doubt their abilities.
Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks(3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel
guilty about efforts to be independent.
Elementary Competence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying(6 years- inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel puberty) inferior.
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Approximateage Stage Description of Task
Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by(teens into confusion testing roles and then integrating them to 20’s) form a single identity, or they become
confused about who they are.
Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation- (20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate 40’s) love, or they feel socially isolated.
Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri-(40’s to 60’s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family
and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.
Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older(late 60’s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction orup) failure.
Learning Theories: Behaviorism
John B. Watson viewed psychology as
objective science recommended study of
behavior without reference to unobservable mental processes
“Give me a dozen healthy infants….
Behaviorism and Watson
Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.
Do you know who Baby Albert was?Video Link to Baby Albert
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect
developed behavioral technology
Skinner Video
Humanistic Perspective
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) studied self-
actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln)
Humanistic Perspective
Self-Actualization The ultimate psychological need that
arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved
the motivation to fulfill one’s potential
Humanistic Perspective
Client-Centered Therapy humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers therapist uses techniques
such as active listening within a genuine, accepting,empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth
his techniques are incorporated into almost all formsof therapy today
Humanistic Perspective
Unconditional Positive Regard an attitude of total acceptance toward
another person Self-Concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am I?”
Acceptance Empathy
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget 1896-1980
“only education is capable of saving our societies from possible collapse, whether violent, or gradual”
Typical Age Range
Description of Stage
Developmental Phenomena
Birth to nearly 2 years SensorimotorExperiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)
•Object permanence•Stranger anxiety
About 2 to 6 years
About 7 to 11 years
About 12 through adulthood
PreoperationalRepresenting things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning
•Pretend play•Egocentrism•Language development
Concrete operationalThinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
•Conservation •Mathematical transformations
Formal operationalAbstract reasoning
•Abstract logic•Potential for moral reasoning
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development
Conservation the principle that properties such as mass,
volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Piaget’s Video
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