the road to war how russia, italy, and germany brought the world to war

THE ROAD THE ROAD TO WARTO WAR

HOW RUSSIA, ITALY, AND HOW RUSSIA, ITALY, AND GERMANY BROUGHT THE GERMANY BROUGHT THE

WORLD TO WARWORLD TO WAR

RUSSIA IN THE MONARCHY

The Last of the Romanovs to rule Russia

-Determined to keep autocratic government

-felt the Alexander II, and his reforms were to blame

-- wanted to hold down reforms

--keep a hold of monarchy

-Romanovs rule for 300 years

1. Early 1. Early 2020cc: :

Russian Russian Social Social

HierarchHierarchyy

First Stages of First Stages of IndustrializationIndustrialization

An Early Russian Factory

3. Weak Economy3. Weak Economy

1905 Russian Rubles

4. Extensive Foreign 4. Extensive Foreign Investments & Investments &

InfluenceInfluence

Building the Trans-Siberian RR[Economic benefits only in a few

regions.]

5. Russo-Japanese War 5. Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]

The “Yellow Peril”

Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]

Russo-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905][1904-1905]

Russian & Japanese Russian & Japanese SoldiersSoldiers

Russia Is HumiliatedRussia Is Humiliated

Treaty of Portsmouth Treaty of Portsmouth [NH] - 1905[NH] - 1905

President Theodore Roosevelt Acts as the Peacemake

r

[He gets the Nobel

Peace Prize for his

efforts.]

1905 REVOLUTIONJanuary 1905 striking workers march for better working conditions Right to strike and other moderate demands.

-led by Orthodox Priest Gapon

-- Marched to Winter Palace singing God Save the Tsar

-- After the assembly starts loyal tsarist troops open fire and kill over 1,000 marchers

-- Riots and Strikes by workers sweep the city

-- peasants roam the countryside looting and burning the homes of nobles

BLOODY SUNDAY 1905

Nicholas and the Royal family

RUSSIA AND WORLD WAR I-War was a disaster for Russia

-Russia lost battle after battle

-There were shortages in food, clothing guns and ammo

-Loses wear down the morale of the troops

-Russia has troops deserting, rioting peasants, workers striking and Duma members demanding reform, country ripe for reform.

Rasputin

“The Mad Monk”

NICHOLAS II AND HIS FATAL MISTAKE

Russia war effort is demoralizing at home so to help Nicholas goes to the front to take command leaving Alexandra in charge

Alexandra enlist the aid of a man named Rasputin who is supposed to have great power (Improved the health of her son)

Gives him power to add and remove people in the government

Able Russia leaders can’t work with him so they quit, many believing that he was working with the Germans

December 1916 was assassinated by members of the Duma.

Russia March 1917

THE REVOLUTION OF MARCH 1917

Began spontaneously in March 1917 in Petrograd

War weariness, inflation and shortages of food

Nicholas ordered military to put down riots, instead they joined.

Government crumbles after this

March 15 Tsar Nicholas abdicates in favor of his brother

Revolution quickly spread throughout Russia.

LENIN

A TEMPORARY FIX TO THE PROBLEM

AFTER THE ABDICATION

DUMA (Russian Legislature) POLITICAINS SET UP PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT

START MAKING PLANS FOR GOVERNMENT REFORM

KEEP RUSSIA IN THE WAR

BIG MISTAKE

LENIN AND BOLSHEVIKS WAIT THEIR TURN IN THE WINGS

Trotsky

Stalin

RUSSIA’S NEW REGIMELENIN IN SWITZERLAND AT TIME OF REVOLUTION

GERMANS HELP GET LENIN BACK IN RUSSIA

INTENSIFY REVOLUTION AND WEAKEN WAR EFFORT

FOLLOWERS INCLUDED TROTSKY,AND STALIN

WANTED END TO WAR, LAND FOR PEASANTS

OWNERSHIP OF FACTORIES BY WORKERS

LENIN STRIKES, TAKES CONTROL

BOLSHEVIK REVOLUTION STARTS LATE OCTOBER 1917

LENIN ORDERS TROOPS TO OVERTHROW PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT

TROOPS LED BY TROTSKY CAPTURE WINTER PALACE

BY NOV 7 LENIN IS IN CONTROL

KILL ALL CAPTURED GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

ESTABLISHED NEW GOV’T ON NOV 9 WITH LENIN IN CHARGE

After Lenin’s death in 1924 Stalin takes over

Forces Soviets to take “Great Leap ForwardGreat Leap Forward”

Launches the first in a series of 5 year plans5 year plans to modernize agriculture and businesses from ground up

-Collective farms meet with resistance

-Stalin punished resistant farmers by taking all or most of the food the produced: millions starved,millions starved, Millions moreMillions more were forced off land or sent to work camps in Siberia

Food shortages led to rationing

Industrialization was more successful

Poured money into industry hurts standard of living but by 19401940 the Soviet’s are an industrial power.

SOVIET PURGESSOVIET PURGES

political term for removing enemies and undesirables (opponents of Stalin)

fake trials

millions killed to purify USSR

MUSSOLINI INTRODUCES FASCISM

WHAT IS FASCISMCOMES FROM THE ITALIAN TERM FASCIO MEANING “UNION OR LEAGUE”

WANTS TO HELP COUNTRY REGAIN PRIDE BY GIVING IT A HEIGHTENED SENSE OF NATIONAL PRIDE

REJECTS LIBERAL IDEAS

WANTED THE DESTRUCTION OF ELECTION, LEGISLATURES AND OTHER DEMOCRATIC IDEAS

REJECTS COMMUNISM, SOCIALISM AS TO INDIVIDUAL.

Fascism gains ground in ItalyWhy did Mussolini’s fascist party become popular after World War I

-Italy suffered badly during the war

-Italy promised extra land, but not given it. Looked like Italy was being ignored

-Weak government after the war

-Rising unemployment

Who was Benito Mussolini

Son of a blacksmith

Before WWI he was a Socialist

Brilliant organizer, agitator and journalist

Set up Fascist party, promised to rebuild Italy

Created “Black shirts” who dealt with troublemakers and criminals

Had a newspaper that spread his ideasAs the problems of Italy get worse the people turn to Mussolini to solve Italy’s problems

MUSSOLINI TAKES CHARGE IN ITALY

OCTOBER 1922, MUSSOLINI DEMANDS TO BE MADE PRIME MINISTER

KING OF ITALY, SUPPORT MUSSOLINI AND INVITIED HIM TO BECOME PRIME MINISTER

MUSSOLINI DICTATES HIS TAKEOVER

MUSSOLINI PERSUADES KING TO ALLOW HIM RULE AS DICTATOR

THEN HE PASSED THE ACERBO LAW WHO EVER WON THE NEXT ELECTION WOULD GET MOST SEATS IN PARLIAMENT

APRIL 1924 FASCIST WON 60%

MUSSOLINI FULLY IN CHARGE

SETS UP SECRET POLICE AND CONCENTRATION CAMPS FOR HIS OPPONENTS

MUSSOLINI CHANGES ITALYFIRST OF THE DICTATORS

OTHERS COPIED IDEAS BUT DID NOT MAKE SAME MISTAKES

POLITICAL PARTIES WERE BANNED

BOOKS AND NEWSPAPERS WERE CENSORED

EDUCATION WAS CONTROLLED

MUSSOLINI BATTLES TO IMPROVE ECONOMY

MUSSOLINI WAS POPULAR

FOR A WHILE

WHAT DID MUSSOLINI DO WRONG?

HE LIED TO THE PEOPLE

TO MANY OF HIS WERE PLANS WERE POORLY EXECUTED

MANY ECONOMIC IDEAS FAILED

MOST ITALIANS WORSE OFF BY THE EARLY 1930’S

Mussolini maintains power by the use of his Black shirted Secret Police

TEACHER AND THE PUPIL

GERMANY INTRODUCES WEIMAR REPUBLIC

KAISER WILLIAM II ABDICATES UNDER THREAT OF REVOLUTION.

- NEW LEADERS SIGN ARMISTICE AND LATER TREATY OF VERSAILLES

1919, NEW GERMAN GOVERNMENT DRAFTS CONSTITUTION IN WEIMAR

-CREATED DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT KNOWN AS THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC 1919-1933

-GOVERNMENT LED BY CHANCELLOR & REICHSTAG

-BILL OF RIGHTS

UNREST IN GERMANYGERMANS OF ALL CLASSES BLAMED THE GOVERNMENT FOR THE HATED VERSAILLES TREATY.

MANY ACCUSED MARXISTS AND JEWS FOR AN IMAGINARY CONSPIRACY TO BETRAY GERMANY.

OUT OF CONTROL INFLATION

RIDICULOUS REPARATIONS PAYMENTS

RECOVERY IS HELPED BY AMERICAN DAWES PLAN

STOPPED BY GREAT DEPRESSION

GERMANY LOOKS TO ENERGETIC LEADER NAMED ADOLF HITLER TO SAVE THEM

HITLER FINDS A CALLING

HITLER DESPISES WEIMAR GOVERNMENT

FIND HIS CALLING AS A POLITICAN

JOINS SMALL RIGHT WING GROUP CALLED NAZI

NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMAN WORKERS PARTY

HE WAS ONE OF THE FIRST MEMBERS

WITHIN A YEAR HE WAS THE LEADER BY 1932 THERE WERE 17 MILLION NAZI’S

SUPPORT GROWS FOR NEW HITLER

FEB. 1920 2,000 PEOPLE LISTEN TO HITLER LAY OUT HIS IDEAS OF NEW GERMANY

INCLUDING EXPELING JEWS

HITLER READS “THE PROTOCOLS OF THE ELDERS OF ZION”

ANTI SEMITIC BOOK FULL OF LIES

ALLOWS HITLER TO BLAME JEWS FOR EVERYTHING

• Dates back 3,000 years• Sanskrit word meaning ‘to be good’

– Often meant life, luck, strength, etc

Swastika

Southwest Cave Drawing Army 45th Infantry Division Patch

• Storm Battalion (1921) (Storm Troopers)– aka Brown Shirts

• Created to:– Protect Nazi Meetings– Break up other groups

meetings– Terrorize Nazi opponents

• Headed by Ernst Röhm

Sturmabteilung (SA)

IF AT FIRST YOU DON’T SUCCEED TRY AGAIN

1923 HITLER TRYS TO TAKE POWER “BEER HALL PUTSCH”

COUP FAILS AND HITLER IS JAILED

SPENDS LESS THAN 1 YEAR IN JAIL

HE WRITES “MEIN KAMPF”

MAIN THEME WAS SOCIAL DARWINISM

FELT GERMAN PEOPLE WERE RACIALLY SUPERIOR

MASTER RACE OR ARYANS

VIEWED JEWS AS A SEPARATE RACE

Mein Kampf

• Wanted to title it Four and a Half Years (of Fighting) Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice

• Part autobiography /

part ideology• “The personification of the

devil as the symbol of all evil

assumes the living shape of

the Jew.”

HITLER LOOKS TO SEIZE POWER HITLER LOOKS TO SEIZE POWER LEGALLYLEGALLY

USING ANTI SEMTISM AND THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES AS CATALYSTS HITLER AND THE NAZI’S GAIN A LARGE FOLLOWING

1930 ELECTIONS WINS 18% OF THE VOTE

• Increases rhetoric / popularity• Hitler vows to:

– Make Germany strong– Not pay reparations– Repudiate Versailles treaty– Stamp out corruption– Give every German bread

and a job

• 1930 – Second largest party in Germany– 107 seats in Reichstag

Great Depression

>

IN 1932 HITLER RUNS FOR PRESIDENT AND WINS 30% OF THE VOTE FORCING A RUNOFF ELECTION.

VON HINDENBERG GAIN PRESIDENCY GIVES CHANCELLORSHIP TO HITLER FOR HIS SUPPORT.

HITLER IS APPOINTED IN 1933. SUCCEEDS HINDENBURG UPON HIS DEATH IN 1934.

GERMAN DEMOCRACY SET ABLAZE

• February 27th, 1933– Blames communists

– Main opponent

• Next day Hindenburg– Limits liberty, expression, press,

assembly, association

– Permits wire tapping

– Eliminates search warrants

– Restricts property ownership

– Allowed federal government to take over states

Reichstag Fire

Prelude to War

• Hitler’s Brown Shirts quickly seized absolute authority with terror on the streets

• Hitler made himself dictator of Germany• He denounced the Treaty of Versailles and

begin to rebuild Germany’s armed forces.• 1936- Rome-Berlin Axis was formed• 1937- Hitler announced plans to obtain

“lebensraum” or living space for Germans through territorial expansion

CONSOLIDATES POWER AND TAKES POSITION AS DICTATOR.

ELIMINATES ALL CHALLENGERS

BUILDS UP INDUSTRY IN PREPARATION FOR WAR

BY 1937 HITLER IS READY TO IMPLEMENT HIS MASTER PLAN

OUTLINES PLANS FOR WORLD DOMINATION

HITLER BLAMES THE JEWS FOR THE TROUBLES THAT ARE IN GERMANY

ANTI-SEMETIC POLICIES WIN WIDESPREAD SUPPORT

Jews lose rights slowly but, surely

Hitler creates a nationalist fervor by excluding the Jews

RANK THE FOLLOWING IN ORDER OF IMPORTANCE

Own or use a public phone

Date/marry whomever you choose

Own a radio, Nintendo, CD player

Own a pet

Go to the movies

Leave your house when ever you choose

1934 –JEWISH NEWSPAPERS BANNED

CITIZENSHIP FOR JEWS REVOKED

MARRIAGES BETWEEN JEWS AND ARYANS FORBIDDEN

1935- Nuremburg Laws in Germany denied citizenship and many other rights to German Jews

1936- JEWS LOSE RIGHT TO VOTE

1937-JEWS TRVEL RESTRICTED

1938 JEWS LOSE SEVERAL MORE RIGHTS

Prelude to War

• Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)- November 9,1938- a pogrom against the Jews of Germany and Austria

• Windows were smashed in Jewish shops, and synagogues were burned to the ground

• Jews were excluded from all but the most menial forms of employment

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht

1940 LOSE PHONES IN HOMES ARE BEGIN TO GET TAKEN INTO PROTECTIVE CUSTODY

1941 CAN’T LEAVE HOUSE WITHOUT PERMISSION, NO PUBLIC PHONES

1942- NO NEWSPAPERS, DOGS, CATS, BIRDS, BIKE.

CANT PURCHASE MEAT,EGGS, MILK

Hitler wants to bring all people of German decent together

GAIN LIVING SPACE FOR PEOPLE “Lebensraum”

CONQUER INFERIOR PEOPLE (russian, polish and other slavic nations)

First on Hitler’s list is The Rhine as Hitler remilitarizes the territory (violates treaty of Versailles)

Austria is next

Gets Austrian Nazi’s into key positions

AUSTRIAN LEADER REFUSES TO GIVE POWER TO THE NAZI’S SO HITLER SENDS IN TROOPS

DEMOCRACIES AROUND THE WORLD DO NOTHING (APPEASEMENT)

1938 HITLER ANNEXES AUSTRIA

GIVES HITLER INVINCIBLE FEELING

THE SUDENTENLAND IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA IS NEXT

3 MILLION GERMANS

HITLER WANTED THEM TO BE ABLE TO CHOOSE THERE FUTURE

HITLER DEMANDS THE SUDENTENLAND

CONFERENCE IN MUNICH IN 1938 FRANCE AND ENGLAND APPEASE GERMANY AGAIN.