the road to revolution

PART I1700-63

EUGENIA LANGANMATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOLHIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDATHANKS TO SUSAN POJER FOR POWERPOINT THEME

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:

WHAT WERE THE CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION?

TO WHAT EXTENT HAD AN AMERICAN IDENTITY FORMED BY THE TIME OF THE REVOLUTION, AND WHY?

1689 – 1763: SALUTARY NEGLECT

BRITAIN LET COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES RUN THE COLONIES

ROYAL GOVERNORS RETAINED POWER TO VETO ACTS OF COLONIAL ASSEMBLIES – BUT DIDN’T.

NO ENFORCEMENT OF NAVIGATION ACTS

IMPERIAL WARS

COMPETING EUROPEAN CLAIMS TO AMERICAS WARS IN EUROPE HAVE AMERICAN THEATERS

SEE THE CHART ON P. 102 OF YOUR TEXTBOOK – KNOW THE DATES, AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN NAMES OF THE WARS – BUT KING GEORGE’S WAR AND THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR ARE THE IMPORTANT ONES (F & I MUCH MORE IMPORTANT!)

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE WARS:

ALL PART OF SERIES OF WAR ENGLAND V. FRANCE SINCE 1066 -- NOW FIGHTING OVER AMERICA

OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI VALLEYS FIRST CLAIMED BY FRANCE

ILLINOIS TERRITORY – BREADBASKET – MAJOR GRAIN EXPORTS TO EUROPE VIA MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND NEW ORLEANS

BUT FRANCE HAD FEW SETTLERS IN NORTH AMERICA

BRITISH, IN CONTRAST – HIGH IMMIGRATION, BREEDING LIKE RABBITS IN NORTHERN COLONIES

NEEDED MORE AND MORE LAND, MOVED ONTO FRONTIER W/ NEW FRANCE AND INTO NEW FRANCE

BRITISH COLONISTS WERE FIGHTING FOR LAND IN THESE WARS – BRITAIN WAS FIGHTING FOR IMPERIAL REASONS AND AGAINST FRANCE

ALL ARE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS (THOUGH ONLY THE SEVEN YEAR’S WAR IS CALLED “THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR)

BRITISH AND THEIR INDIAN ALLIES (GENERALLY IROQUOIS CONFEDERATION AND MOHEGANS) FOUGHT FRENCH AND THEIR INDIAN ALLIES (GENERALLY OTHER ALGONQUIANS)

(N.B. – ALGONQUIAN AND IROQUOIS ARE LANGUAGE GROUPS, NOT TRIBES. MOHEGANS WERE ALGONQUIANS)

LEFT = ALGONQUIAN TRIBES, RIGHT = IROQUOIS TRIBES – SHOULD BE OBVIOUS TO YOU WHY THEIR WAS AN IROQUOIS LEAGUE EVEN BEFORE EUROPEANS ARRIVED, AND WHY THEY EACH SIDED WITH EUROPEANS AGAINST THE OTHER!

IROQUOIS TRADING WITH ENGLISH, 1722. BRITAIN AND FRANCE WERE ALMOST AS CONCERNED ABOUT THEIR TRADE WITH INDIANS AS WITH OWNING TURF

TIMELINE OF THE IMPERIAL / AMERICAN WARS

KING GEORGE’S WAR (AKA WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION) – 1740 – 48

1745 – COLONIAL MILITIA & BRITISH NAVY CAPTURE FORT LOUISBOURG

STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE: 1) MAJOR FRENCH FORT RIGHT ABOVE NEW ENGLAND & BELOW ACADIA; 2) CONTROLS ACCESS TO ST. LAWRENCE RIVER

ourg

ACADIA

PETER MOMANY, THE CAPTURE OF LOUISBOURG IN TREATY OF AIX-LA-CHAPELLE (1748),

BRITAIN GAVE LOUISBOURG BACK TO FRENCH

NEW ENGLAND COLONISTS OUTRAGED!

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (AKA SEVEN YEARS’ WAR)

1754 – 1763(1756 – 1763)

!

EUROPEAN CLAIMS AND FRENCH FORTS AT BEGINNING OF WARNOTE FRENCH FORTS ALL ALONG BORDER – TO KEEP BRITISH OUT OF TERRITORY AND OF TRADE WITH INDIANS

1754 -- WAR BEGAN IN AMERICA -- GEORGE WASHINGTON STARTED IT!

OHIO COMPANY (OWNED BY RICH VIRGINIANS) CLAIMED 500,000 ACRES IN UPPER OHIO VALLEY (NOW EASTERN OHIO/WESTERN PA.) – IN FRENCH TERRITORY

APRIL 1754 – VA. GOVERNOR DINWIDDIE APPOINTED WASHINGTON (A SURVEYOR) LIEUTENANT OF MILITIA TO BUILD FORT AT “FORKS OF THE OHIO” NEAR FRENCH FORT DUQUESNE (NOW PITTSBURG, PA.) – LATER HE BECOMES COLONEL WHEN COMMANDER DIES

WASHINGTON’S 1753 MAP OF FORKS OF THE OHIO, WITH HIS NOTES ON FRENCH INTENTIONS

British French

Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne * George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians

The Ohio Valley

MAY 1754 – WASHINGTON AND HIS MEN WIN INITIAL BATTLE, ESTABLISHFORT NECESSITY

AFTER THAT INITIAL VICTORY, WASHINGTON WROTE:

“I HEARD THE BULLETS WHISTLE, AND BELIEVE ME, THERE IS SOMETHING CHARMING IN THE SOUND.”

LESS CHARMING ON JULY 4, 1754 – FRENCH REINFORCEMENTS ARRIVED, WASHINGTON SURRENDERED

YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON

JUNE – JULY 1754 – ALBANY CONGRESS

MURAL IN U.S. CAPITOL

BRITAIN SUMMONED INTER-COLONIAL CONGRESS TO ALBANY TO DISCUSS DEFENSE AGAINST FRENCH AND INDIANS

ONLY 7 COLONIES SENT DELEGATES: NEW ENGLAND, NY, MD, PA

EARLIEST MANIFESTATION OF COLONIAL/STATE SOVEREIGNTY ISSUE THE WILL LEAD TO THE CIVIL WAR

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN DRAFTED PLAN OF UNION

BEN FRANKLIN – AMERICAN ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHER, POLYMATH, “FOUNDING FATHER”

HIS CARTOON FOR ALBANY PLAN – 1ST AMERICAN POLITICAL CARTOON

THE CONGRESS APPROVED FRANKLIN’S PLAN – BUT MAJORITY OF COLONIES DIDN’T (NEITHER DID COLONIAL OFFICE IN ENGLAND

IT CALLED FOR PAN-COLONIAL PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS – TOO “INDEPENDENT” FOR BRITAIN TO APPROVE

COLONIAL REJECTION SHOWS MOST IN COLONIES NOT READY FOR UNION – BUT THE ALBANY PLAN IS A PRECEDENT FOR THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, AND LATER, THE CONSTITUTION

• 9. That the assent of the President-General be requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and that it be his office and duty to cause them to be carried into execution.

• 10. That the President-General, with the advice of the Grand Council, hold or direct all Indian treaties… and make peace or declare war with Indian nations.

• 11. That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian trade. …

• 15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies…

• 16. That for these purposes they have power to make laws, and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes…

• “[the President]… shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed…”

• “[the President]…shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur…”

• “[Congress will] regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes…”

• “[Congress will] raise and support Armies…To provide and maintain a Navy…”

• “The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises…”

From the Albany Plan of Union (1754)

From the Constitution (1787)

1755 – BRITISH EXPELLED FRENCH SETTLERS FROM ACADIA (FEARED FIFTH COLUMN AT BORDER)

CONTEMPORANEOUS DRAWING OF THE “PLUNDERING AND BURNING” OF A FRENCH VILLAGE IN ACADIA

19TH C. PAINTING OF EXPULSION ORDER BEING READ IN CHURCH IN ACADIA

BRITAIN DISPERSED THE ACADIAN DEPORTEES THROUGHOUT THE 13 COLONIES

SOME FLED TO LOUISIANA CAJUNS

(LONGFELLOW’S POEM “EVANGELINE” TELLS THE STORY OF THE DEPORTATION)

1755 – BRADDOCK’S DEFEAT

BRITISH DECIDE TO EXPEL FRENCH FROM OHIO VALLEY

BRITISH GENERAL EDWARD BRADDOCK + 1300 TROOPS (MOSTLY BRITISH REGULARS + SOME COLONISTS INCLUDING GEORGE WASHINGTON SET OUT TO ATTACK FT. DUQUESNE

AMBUSHED BY FRENCH AND INDIAN GUERILLA FORCES 10 MILES FROM FORT

500 BRITISH TROOPS INCLUDING BRADDOCK KILLED, > 400 WOUNDED

(DEATH OF BRADDOCK, RIGHT

WASHINGTON DISGUSTED THAT BRADDOCK EXPECTED EUROPEAN PITCHED BATTLE IN AMERICA!

• March in formation or bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

• Drills, tough discipline, rigid protocol.

• Indian-style guerilla tactics.

• Col. militias served under own captains.• No military deference or protocols observed.

Non-professional, often rough frontiersmen

Methods ofFighting:

MilitaryOrganization:MilitaryDiscipline:

Demeanor:

British-American Tensions

COLONISTS BRITISH

SLIDE BY TONY MILLER

FOR NEXT TWO YEARS, MORE OF THE SAME – FRENCH AND INDIAN FIGHTERS OVERWHELM BRITISH REGULARS – GREATLY INCREASING RESENTMENTS OF COLONIAL TROOPS!

1756 – WAR FORMALLY DECLARED IN EUROPE. BRITAIN APPOINTS LORD LOUDON COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF IN AMERICA.

HE’S UNPOPULAR BECAUSE HE KEEPS LOSING

FRENCH COMMANDER = LOUIS-JOSEPH DE MONTCALM

WAR FOUGHT MOSTLY IN AREA SHOWN

IROQUOIS COOL TO BRITISH AT FIRST, “FLIRT” WITH AND SOMETIMES HELP FRENCH – WHY?

THEY KNOW THE BRITISH WILL SETTLE ON LAND THEY TAKE, PROBABLY PUSH INDIANS OUT

1757 – THE TIPPING POINT WILLIAM PITT (ELDER, L)

BECAME PRIME MINISTER

DETERMINED TO EXPEL FRENCH FROM N. AMERICA – REPLACES LOUDON W/ JEFFREY AMHERST

STRATEGY: BUY COLONIAL COOPERATION

– MASSIVE INFUSIONS OF CASH STIMULATE ECONOMY

BUY INDIAN SUPPORT WITH PROMISE OF FIXED BOUNDARIES

UNDERMINING FRANCE: TREATY OF EASTON (1758) BRITAIN PROMISED

IROQUOIS TO STOP SETTLEMENTS WEST OF ALLEGHENIES (APPALLACHIANS IN PA.)

IROQUOIS FIRMLY ON BRITISH SIDE SEALS FATE OF FRANCE

FRANCE ABANDONED FT. DUQUESNE, 1758

JUNE 1759 – BRITISH CONQUER FT. TICONDEROGA (UPSTATE N.Y., NEAR ADIRONDACKS

FT. TICONDEROGA (BUILT 1755 BY FRENCH) – WILL BE SIGNIFICANT WHEN REVOLUTION BEGINS!

DECISIVE BATTLE – 1759 BATTLE OF PLAINS OF ABRAHAM (QUEBEC)

BRITISH AND COLONIAL FORCES UNDER MAJOR-GENERAL GEORGE WOLFE CAME UP ST. LAWRENCE R., CLIMBED BLUFFS TO “PLAINS” OWNED BY FARMER ABRAHAM MARTIN

BRITISH DEFEATED FRENCH UNDER MONTCALM, TOOK QUEBEC

BOTH WOLFE (L) AND MONTCALM (R) WERE KILLED

BENJAMIN WEST, THE DEATH OF GENERAL WOLFE

BY 1760, DETROIT AND MONTREAL HAD FALLEN – MAJOR FIGHTING IN AMERICA WAS OVER

1763 (FEB.) – TREATY OF PARIS FORMALLY ENDS WAR IN AMERICA

APRIL 1763 – PONTIAC’S REBELLION/ WAR BEGINS

REBELLION AGAINST BRITISH BY TRIBES IN GREAT LAKES REGION (ESP. V. GENERAL AMHERST)

CHIEF PONTIAC: ADDRESS TO OTTAWA, HURON, AND POTTAWATOMIE INDIANS

(MAY 5, 1763)

• “IT IS IMPORTANT … THAT WE EXTERMINATE FROM OUR LANDS THIS NATION WHICH SEEKS ONLY TO DESTROY US. YOU SEE AS WELL AS I DO THAT WE CAN NO LONGER SUPPLY OUR NEEDS, AS WE HAVE DONE FROM OUR BROTHERS, THE FRENCH. THE ENGLISH SELLS US GOODS TWICE AS DEAR AS THE FRENCH DO, AND THEIR GOODS DO NOT LAST. …

WHEN I GO TO SEE THE ENGLISH COMMANDER AND SAY TO HIM THAT SOME OF OUR COMRADES ARE DEAD, INSTEAD OF BEWAILING THEIR DEATH, AS OUR FRENCH BROTHERS DO, HE LAUGHS AT ME AND AT YOU. IF I ASK FOR ANYTHING FOR OUR SICK, HE REFUSES WITH THE REPLY THAT HE HAS NO USE FOR US. …

ARE WE NOT MEN LIKE THEM? … WHAT DO WE FEAR? IT IS TIME.”

THE UPRISING LASTED FROM 1763 TO 1766. MASSACRES AND ATROCITIES OCCURRED

ON BOTH SIDES— MOST NOTABLY, BRITISH. GENERAL JEFFREY AMHERST GAVE THE

INDIANS BLANKETS INFESTED WITH SMALLPOX.

AMHERST, L. PONTIAC. R. WHITE GUY GETS NICE PORTRAIT

ROYAL PROCLAMATION OF 1763: NO BRITISH SETTLEMENT WEST OF APPALACHIANS

REACTION TO PONTIAC’S REBELLION – JUST TOO EXPENSIVE TO DEFEND COLONISTS ON FRONTIER!

A SLAP IN THE FACE TO COLONISTS WHO THOUGHT THEY WERE FIGHTING FOR RIGHT TO SETTLE THERE!

WHY? TREATY OF EASTON

AND – IT WOULD HAVE COST TOO MUCH TO SEND TROOPS TO DEFEND AREA FROM SPAIN & INDIANS

FLORIDA FACT – SPAIN SIDED W/ FRANCE SO BRITAIN GOT FLORIDA (FOR A WHILE)

1. AMERICAN IDENTITY COALESCING: COLONISTS UNITED AGAINST A

COMMON ENEMY FOR FIRST TIME SAW THEMSELVES AS DIFFERENT FROM

BRITISH (MUCH RESENTMENT OF BRITISH REGULARS, THEN OF PROCLAMATION OF 1963)

2. ON THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION: WAR CREATED BITTER RESENTMENT AGAINST BRITAIN THAT WOULD ONLY INTENSIFY BECAUSE . . .

EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON THE AMERICAN COLONIALS:

WAR LED BRITAIN TO END “SALUTARY NEGLECT”

BRITAIN LEFT WITH LARGE WAR DEBT – MAJORITY IN PARLIAMENT THINK COLONISTS SHOULD PAY FOR WAR “IN THEIR DEFENSE”

OLD IMPERIAL MEASURES WOULD BE ENFORCED, NEW ONES ENACTED

BUT NOW PURPOSE WASN’T TO REGULATE TRADE – IT WAS TO RAISE $$$

ALMOST NO “RIGHT OF ENGLISHMEN” IS MORE DEAR THAN “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION!”