the indian power system peculiarities, problems and solutions
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THE INDIAN THE INDIAN POWER SYSTEMPOWER SYSTEM
PECULIARITIES, PROBLEMS PECULIARITIES, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONSAND SOLUTIONS
SYSTEM EVOLUTIONSYSTEM EVOLUTION LIKE ALL MAJOR POWER SYSTEMS, THE LIKE ALL MAJOR POWER SYSTEMS, THE
INDIAN POWER SYSTEM EVOLVED BY INDIAN POWER SYSTEM EVOLVED BY INTEGRATING SMALL ISOLATED SYSTEMSINTEGRATING SMALL ISOLATED SYSTEMS
PRESENTLY, THREE MAJOR GRIDS ARE IN PRESENTLY, THREE MAJOR GRIDS ARE IN OPERATION – CONNECTED OPERATION – CONNECTED ASYNCHRONOUSLY – MEETING A DEMAND ASYNCHRONOUSLY – MEETING A DEMAND OF OVER 85000 MWOF OVER 85000 MW
TARGET – A NATIONAL GRID BY 2010TARGET – A NATIONAL GRID BY 2010
SOUTHERN REGION
WESTERNREGION
EASTERN REGION
NORTHERN REGION
NORTH-EASTERN REGION
‘ ELECTRICAL’
REGIONS1
2
3
SAME FREQUENCY FROM GUJARAT TO ARUNACHAL PRADESH WITH EFFECT FROM MARCH 2003
ABOUT 2800 KMS! APART
SOUTHERN REGION
WESTERNREGION
EASTERN REGION
NORTHERN REGION
NORTH-EASTERN REGION
‘ELECTRICAL’
REGIONS
1
2
WITH THE COMMISSIONING OF THE TALA PROJECT CONNECTING THE EASTERN AND NORTHERN GRIDS, INDIA WILL HAVE ONLY TWO GRIDS
13450 MW
1000 MW6450 MW
4600 MW
1300 MW3200 MW
30,000 MW OF INTER-REGIONAL POWER BY 2012
EASTERN REGION
SOUTHERN REGION
WESTERNREGION
NORTHERN REGION
NORTH-EASTERN REGION
INTER-REGIONAL TRANSFER BY END OF 11th PLAN (2012)
ER
ECONOMIC SURVEY: DOMESTIC, INDUSTRIAL DEMAND AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DEMAND
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
YEAR
% O
F T
OT
AL
DE
MA
ND
AGRICULTURE
INDUSTRIAL
DOMESTIC
GRID OPERATION IN THE GRID OPERATION IN THE PAST PAST
LARGE FREQUENCY FLUCTUATIONSLARGE FREQUENCY FLUCTUATIONS FREQUENCY REMAINED AT 48 HZ AND BELOW FOR MOST FREQUENCY REMAINED AT 48 HZ AND BELOW FOR MOST
PARTPART LOW VOLTAGE OPERATIONLOW VOLTAGE OPERATION
VOLTAGE AT BANGALORE DIPPED TO AS LOW AS 300 Kv!!!!VOLTAGE AT BANGALORE DIPPED TO AS LOW AS 300 Kv!!!! NR EXAMPLE?NR EXAMPLE?
FREQUENT GRID DISTURBANCESFREQUENT GRID DISTURBANCES A DISTURBANCE ALMOST EVERY MONTHA DISTURBANCE ALMOST EVERY MONTH IMMENSE FINANCIAL LOSSES FOR INDUSTRYIMMENSE FINANCIAL LOSSES FOR INDUSTRY LOADS FREQUENTLY CUT OFF DUE TO RELAY OPERATIONLOADS FREQUENTLY CUT OFF DUE TO RELAY OPERATION
INCREASED ELECTRICAL LOSSESINCREASED ELECTRICAL LOSSES INEFFICIENT OPERATION OF ELECTRIC EQUIPMENTSINEFFICIENT OPERATION OF ELECTRIC EQUIPMENTS
INEFFICIENTINEFFICIENT UTILISATION OF PIT HEAD PLANTS UTILISATION OF PIT HEAD PLANTS GRID OPERATION FOCUSSED ON FIRE-GRID OPERATION FOCUSSED ON FIRE-
FIGHTING RATHER THAN OPTIMISATION AND FIGHTING RATHER THAN OPTIMISATION AND ECONOMYECONOMY
GRID OPERATION:GRID OPERATION: A TIGHT ROPE WALK A TIGHT ROPE WALK
BLACK-OUTVOLTAGE
COLLAPSE IN-ECONOMIC
OPERATION
INSTABILITYPOWER
SWINGSINCREASED
LOSSES
PECULIARITIESPECULIARITIESTHE GRIDTHE GRID
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES AND LOADSRESOURCES AND LOADS COAL IN EAST, HYDRO IN NORTH-EAST, COAL IN EAST, HYDRO IN NORTH-EAST,
LOADS SPREAD OVERLOADS SPREAD OVER LONG LINES – MIX OF HVAC AND HVDCLONG LINES – MIX OF HVAC AND HVDC MORE LIKE CANADA, US AND ERSTWHILE MORE LIKE CANADA, US AND ERSTWHILE
USSR GRIDSUSSR GRIDS GRID DESIGNED FOR EVACUATION GRID DESIGNED FOR EVACUATION
NOT FOR SKEWED NOT FOR SKEWED GENERATION/DRAWAL PATTERNSGENERATION/DRAWAL PATTERNS
POLICY OF ASYNCHRONOUS REGIONAL POLICY OF ASYNCHRONOUS REGIONAL GRIDS TILL RECENTLYGRIDS TILL RECENTLY
PECULIARITIESPECULIARITIESCOMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL MECHANISMMECHANISM
ANTIQUATED AND UNSCIENTIFIC ANTIQUATED AND UNSCIENTIFIC SETTLEMENT/TARIFF TILL SETTLEMENT/TARIFF TILL RECENTLYRECENTLY
AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF CHANGED ALL THATCHANGED ALL THAT SCIENTIFIC SETTLEMENTSCIENTIFIC SETTLEMENT INCENTIVISE GOOD BEHAVIOUR IN GRID INCENTIVISE GOOD BEHAVIOUR IN GRID SPOT AND BALANCING MARKETSPOT AND BALANCING MARKET
INCENTIVES TO GENERATORS STILL INCENTIVES TO GENERATORS STILL BASED ON PLFBASED ON PLF
PECULIARITIESPECULIARITIESGOVERNANCE AND GOVERNANCE AND
REGULATIONREGULATION REGULATORY STRUCTURE IN PLACEREGULATORY STRUCTURE IN PLACE STRONG POLITICAL DOMINANCESTRONG POLITICAL DOMINANCE
ECONOMICS SOMETIMES TAKES A BACKSEATECONOMICS SOMETIMES TAKES A BACKSEAT INVESTMENT SOMETIMES ALIGNED TO THE VOTE INVESTMENT SOMETIMES ALIGNED TO THE VOTE
BANKBANK FREE POWER POLICIESFREE POWER POLICIES DEBT RIDDEN SEB’sDEBT RIDDEN SEB’s
CULTURE DILEMMACULTURE DILEMMA COMMAND AND CONTROL :- NOT EASILY ACCEPTEDCOMMAND AND CONTROL :- NOT EASILY ACCEPTED CO-OPERATIVE :- FREQUENT BREAKDOWN – CURSE CO-OPERATIVE :- FREQUENT BREAKDOWN – CURSE
OF THE COMMONSOF THE COMMONS CONTRACTUAL : YET TO TAKE FIRM FOOTINGCONTRACTUAL : YET TO TAKE FIRM FOOTING
ANCILARY PRICING MECHANISM YET TO BE ANCILARY PRICING MECHANISM YET TO BE DEVELOPEDDEVELOPED
LEGISLATION,REGULATION AND LEGISLATION,REGULATION AND GOVERNANCEGOVERNANCE
RE
GU
LA
TO
R
RLDC RLDC
RP
C R
PC
STAKEHOLDERSSTAKEHOLDERS
DISCOMTRANSCO
SEB LICENCEE
CPP,IPP
GENCO
ISGS
SLDC’sSLDC’s RE
GU
LA
TO
R
CTU
MERCHANT GEN.
NL
DC
NL
DC
PECULIARITIESPECULIARITIESREAL TIME OPERATIONREAL TIME OPERATION
CONCEPT OF LOOSE POWER POOLCONCEPT OF LOOSE POWER POOL ASYNCHRONOUS GRIDS ASYNCHRONOUS GRIDS
SCOPE FOR ARBITRAGESCOPE FOR ARBITRAGE NO TIGHT CONTROL OF FREQUENCYNO TIGHT CONTROL OF FREQUENCY A DEVELOPING MARKET MECHANISMA DEVELOPING MARKET MECHANISM NASCENT OPEN ACCESS MARKETNASCENT OPEN ACCESS MARKET NO SERIOUS REPURCUSSIONS FOR NO SERIOUS REPURCUSSIONS FOR
LOSS OF LOAD OR GRID VIOLATIONLOSS OF LOAD OR GRID VIOLATION ESTABLISHED GRID SECURITY ESTABLISHED GRID SECURITY
MECHANISMS LIKE FGMO, SPINNING MECHANISMS LIKE FGMO, SPINNING RESERVES ETC YET TO BE FULLY RESERVES ETC YET TO BE FULLY IMPLEMENTEDIMPLEMENTED
SOLUTIONS?SOLUTIONS?
NEEDS TO BE TAILORED TO OUR NEEDS TO BE TAILORED TO OUR ‘PECULIARITIES’‘PECULIARITIES’
CANNOT LOOK WEST FOR ANSWERSCANNOT LOOK WEST FOR ANSWERS ABT FOR EXAMPLE IS A ‘DESI’ ABT FOR EXAMPLE IS A ‘DESI’
SOLUTIONSOLUTION WHY WAS IT SO OVERWHELMINGLY WHY WAS IT SO OVERWHELMINGLY
SUCCESSFUL?SUCCESSFUL?
CARDINAL EVENTSCARDINAL EVENTS
AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFFAVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF THE IEGCTHE IEGC NATIONAL GRID INTERCONNECTSNATIONAL GRID INTERCONNECTS SYSTEM AUGMENTATIONSYSTEM AUGMENTATION
SOME NR EXAMPLES?SOME NR EXAMPLES?
WHY NATIONAL GRID?WHY NATIONAL GRID? STRONG BACKBONE STRONG BACKBONE ‘‘ANYWHERE TO ANYWHERE TO
ANYWHEREANYWHERE’ ’ ’ ’ WHEELINGWHEELING ECONOMIC OPERATIONECONOMIC OPERATION OPTIMAL UTILISATION OF SCARCE NATIONALOPTIMAL UTILISATION OF SCARCE NATIONAL
RESOURCE RESOURCE HARNESS DIVERSITYHARNESS DIVERSITY
SAVING OF MORE THAN 500 MW TODAYSAVING OF MORE THAN 500 MW TODAY SAVING OF 13,000 MW BY YEAR 2012SAVING OF 13,000 MW BY YEAR 2012 RS 2000 CR SAVING TO WESTERN REGION RS 2000 CR SAVING TO WESTERN REGION
ADDED STABILITYADDED STABILITY BOUNDARY-LESS OPERATIONBOUNDARY-LESS OPERATION HUB AND SPOKE ARRANGEMENTHUB AND SPOKE ARRANGEMENT GENERATORS HAVE READY EVACUATION GENERATORS HAVE READY EVACUATION
PATHPATH
765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM
THE POWER ‘HIGHWAY’
CHEAP HYDRO POWER FROM THE NORTH-EAST AND PIT
HEAD THERMAL POWER FROM THE EAST ENTERS THE RING AND EXITS TO POWER
STARVED REGIONS
OPTIMAL RESERVE UTILISATIONOPTIMAL RESERVE UTILISATIONUSING TIME/LOAD DIVERSITYUSING TIME/LOAD DIVERSITY
WESTERNREGION
NORTH-EASTERN REGION
EASTERN REGION
WESTERNREGION
NORTH-EASTERN REGION
EASTERN REGION
AT 1830 HRS
AT 2000 HRS
600 MW
1200 MW
EASTERN REGION HELPS
WESTERN REGION
WESTERN REGION HELPS
EASTERN REGION
REAL TIME OPERATIONREAL TIME OPERATION
IEGC ABT
REAL TIME OPERATION
REAL TIME OPERATION STANDS ON TWO REAL TIME OPERATION STANDS ON TWO FIRM FOOTINGSFIRM FOOTINGS IEGC – THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODEIEGC – THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE ABT – AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFFABT – AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF
INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE INDIAN ELECTRICITY GRID CODE (IEGC)(IEGC)
SIMPLE, COMPREHENSIVE AND SIMPLE, COMPREHENSIVE AND EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE
JUST ABOUT 50 PAGESJUST ABOUT 50 PAGES DYNAMIC DOCUMENTDYNAMIC DOCUMENT ADAPTIVE TO GRID ADAPTIVE TO GRID
REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS CLARITY IN ROLES OF STAKE CLARITY IN ROLES OF STAKE
HOLDERSHOLDERS
IEGC ENCOMPASSES…..IEGC ENCOMPASSES…..
Role of Stakeholders, statutory bodies Role of Stakeholders, statutory bodies and their Organisational linkages and their Organisational linkages
Planning Code for Inter State Planning Code for Inter State TransmissionTransmission
Connection Conditions Connection Conditions Operating Code for Regional Grids Operating Code for Regional Grids Scheduling and Despatch CodeScheduling and Despatch Code Management of Indian Electricity Grid Management of Indian Electricity Grid
Code Code
AVAILABILITY BASED AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFFTARIFF
A RATIONAL TARIFF STRUCTUREA RATIONAL TARIFF STRUCTURE SCIENTIFIC SETTLEMENT SYSTEMSCIENTIFIC SETTLEMENT SYSTEM COMPLEMENTS GRID RELIABILITYCOMPLEMENTS GRID RELIABILITY ENCOURAGE THOSE WHO HELP THE ENCOURAGE THOSE WHO HELP THE
GRID AND DISCOURAGE THOSE WHO GRID AND DISCOURAGE THOSE WHO UNDERMINE RELIABILITYUNDERMINE RELIABILITY
SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVESIMPLE AND EFFECTIVEIMPLEMENTED SUCCESSFULLY IN INDIAIMPLEMENTED SUCCESSFULLY IN INDIA
WHAT IS AVAILABILITY WHAT IS AVAILABILITY TARIFF?TARIFF?
FIXED COST FIXED COST αα PLANT AVAILABILITY. PLANT AVAILABILITY. VARIABLE COST VARIABLE COST αα SCHEDULED SCHEDULED
GENERATIONGENERATION DEVIATIONS :- UNSCHEDULED DEVIATIONS :- UNSCHEDULED
INTERCHANGE(UI), ATTRACT A FREQUENCY INTERCHANGE(UI), ATTRACT A FREQUENCY LINKED CHARGE.LINKED CHARGE.
FLATTENING THE LOAD FLATTENING THE LOAD CURVE: CURVE: INNOVATIONS INNOVATIONS
WORLDWIDEWORLDWIDE TOD METERINGTOD METERING ‘‘PROGRAMMABLE SWITCH’ TO PROGRAMMABLE SWITCH’ TO
BRING ON STORAGE WATER BRING ON STORAGE WATER HEATER AT LEANHEATER AT LEAN
REMOTE CYCLING OF AIR REMOTE CYCLING OF AIR CONDITIONINGCONDITIONING
INCENTIVESINCENTIVES EXPORT ARRANGEMENTSEXPORT ARRANGEMENTS
SHIFTING THE SHIFTING THE AGRICULTURAL LOADS TO AGRICULTURAL LOADS TO
LEAN HOURSLEAN HOURS ‘‘FLATTER’ LOAD CURVE FLATTER’ LOAD CURVE BETTER UNIT COMMITMENTBETTER UNIT COMMITMENT PEAK BECOMES LESS SHARPPEAK BECOMES LESS SHARP BETTER ECONOMICS – PRICE IS LOWER AT LEANBETTER ECONOMICS – PRICE IS LOWER AT LEAN HYDRO CONSERVATIONHYDRO CONSERVATION GOOD FOR GRID SECURITYGOOD FOR GRID SECURITY
HIGH VOLTAGE PROBLEM MITIGATED AS THESE HIGH VOLTAGE PROBLEM MITIGATED AS THESE LOADS ARE REACTIVE INTENSIVELOADS ARE REACTIVE INTENSIVE
LINE OPENINGS ON OVER VOLTAGE REDUCED, HENCE LINE OPENINGS ON OVER VOLTAGE REDUCED, HENCE LOSSES ARE REDUCED, STABILITY INCREASESLOSSES ARE REDUCED, STABILITY INCREASES
FREQUENCY RESPONSIVE LOAD – AN IN-BUILT FREQUENCY RESPONSIVE LOAD – AN IN-BUILT DEFENSE MECHANISMDEFENSE MECHANISM
THE ‘KINKY’ LOAD CURVETHE ‘KINKY’ LOAD CURVEASSOCIATED PROBLEMSASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
LOW LOAD AT LEAN HOURSLOW LOAD AT LEAN HOURS BACKING DOWN OF GENERATORSBACKING DOWN OF GENERATORS HIGH VOLTAGE PROBLEMSHIGH VOLTAGE PROBLEMS
LINES OPENED OUT , INCREASED LOSSESLINES OPENED OUT , INCREASED LOSSES THREAT TO GRID SECURUTYTHREAT TO GRID SECURUTY
HIGH FREQUENCYHIGH FREQUENCY PRICE OF POWER BECOMES LOWPRICE OF POWER BECOMES LOW PROBLEMS IN UNIT COMMITMENT FOR MERIT ORDERPROBLEMS IN UNIT COMMITMENT FOR MERIT ORDER
SHARP PEAKSHARP PEAK POWER BECOMES COSTLYPOWER BECOMES COSTLY
SHARPER THE PEAK, THE COST ESCALATES SHARPELYSHARPER THE PEAK, THE COST ESCALATES SHARPELY LOW PF FOR SOME PLANTSLOW PF FOR SOME PLANTS TECHNICAL LIMITATIONSTECHNICAL LIMITATIONS
HYDRO RESERVES GET DEPLETEDHYDRO RESERVES GET DEPLETED
FLATTENING THE LOAD FLATTENING THE LOAD CURVE: CURVE: ‘DESI’ SOLUTION‘DESI’ SOLUTION
WHAT LOADS CAN BE SHIFTED TO THE WHAT LOADS CAN BE SHIFTED TO THE LEAN HOURS?LEAN HOURS? INDUSTRIAL LOADINDUSTRIAL LOAD
OTHER RAMIFICATIONSOTHER RAMIFICATIONS WILL AFFECT REVENUEWILL AFFECT REVENUE
DOMESTIC LOADDOMESTIC LOAD FLEXIBLE : ONLY TO A CERTAIN EXTENTFLEXIBLE : ONLY TO A CERTAIN EXTENT
COMMERCIAL LOADCOMMERCIAL LOAD IN-FLEXIBLEIN-FLEXIBLE MAY AFFECT REVENUEMAY AFFECT REVENUE
AGRICULTURAL LOADAGRICULTURAL LOAD MOST FLEXIBLEMOST FLEXIBLE
THE GRIDTHE GRID
INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS WITH INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS WITH THOUSANDS OF KILOMETERS OF THOUSANDS OF KILOMETERS OF LINES AND HUNDREDS OF LINES AND HUNDREDS OF GENERATORS OPERATING WITH SPLIT GENERATORS OPERATING WITH SPLIT SECOND SYNCHRONISM IS THE SECOND SYNCHRONISM IS THE GREATEST SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENT GREATEST SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENT OF THE MILLENIUMOF THE MILLENIUM
THE LARGEST SINGLE MACHINE EVER THE LARGEST SINGLE MACHINE EVER CREATEDCREATED
POWER SYSTEM POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONOPERATION
IS IT AN ART?IS IT AN ART? IST IT A TECHNOLOGY?IST IT A TECHNOLOGY? IS IT SCIENCE?IS IT SCIENCE?
………………. IT IS A MULTI-. IT IS A MULTI-DISCIPLINARY SUBJECT!!!DISCIPLINARY SUBJECT!!!
POWER SYSTEM POWER SYSTEM OPERATOROPERATOR
THE SYSTEM OPERATOR SHOULD THE SYSTEM OPERATOR SHOULD POSSESS THEPOSSESS THE DISCIPLINE OF A MONKDISCIPLINE OF A MONK INSTINCTS OF A FOXINSTINCTS OF A FOX EMOTIONS OF A ROCKEMOTIONS OF A ROCK SKILLS OF A SURGEONSKILLS OF A SURGEON PATIENCE OF A FLAMINGOPATIENCE OF A FLAMINGO
DO YOU HAVE IT IN YOU?DO YOU HAVE IT IN YOU?
THE POWER SYSTEMTHE POWER SYSTEM
POWER SYSTEM IS A POWER SYSTEM IS A MANIFESTATION OF SOCIETYMANIFESTATION OF SOCIETY
WE HAVE DONE LOTS OF WE HAVE DONE LOTS OF
““LOAD FLOWS”LOAD FLOWS” NOW’S THE TIME TO DO NOW’S THE TIME TO DO
“ “COST FLOWS”.COST FLOWS”.
CARDINAL RULES FOR A CARDINAL RULES FOR A SYSTEM OPERATORSYSTEM OPERATOR
UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCEUNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE PUBLIC GOODSPUBLIC GOODS PRIVATE GOODSPRIVATE GOODS PUBLIC SERVICEPUBLIC SERVICE PRIVATE SERVICEPRIVATE SERVICE
UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCEUNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE PUBLIC HAT AND A PRIVATE HATPUBLIC HAT AND A PRIVATE HAT
POOL POOL GOVERNANCEGOVERNANCE
THE CHALLENGE IS TO DESIGN A GOVERNANCE SYSTEM THE CHALLENGE IS TO DESIGN A GOVERNANCE SYSTEM THAT LUBRICATES THE DAY TO DAY OPERATION, THAT LUBRICATES THE DAY TO DAY OPERATION,
FACILITATES CONSTRUCTIVE CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND FACILITATES CONSTRUCTIVE CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND CHANNELS POLITICAL ENERGY IN A CONSTRUCTIVE CHANNELS POLITICAL ENERGY IN A CONSTRUCTIVE
WAYWAY
WHAT IS GOVERNANCE?WHAT IS GOVERNANCE?
WHAT DECISIONS ARE MADE?WHAT DECISIONS ARE MADE? WHO MAKES THEM?WHO MAKES THEM? HOW ARE DECISIONS ENFORCED?HOW ARE DECISIONS ENFORCED? HOW ARE DISPUTES RESOLVED?HOW ARE DISPUTES RESOLVED?
THE GOALSTHE GOALS
THE POOL AND SYTEM OPERATOR IS NOT THE POOL AND SYTEM OPERATOR IS NOT CONTROLLED BY ANY SINGLE MARKET CONTROLLED BY ANY SINGLE MARKET PARTICIPANT OR CLASS OF MARKET PARTICIPANT OR CLASS OF MARKET PARTICIPANTPARTICIPANT
THE MARKET IS FAIRTHE MARKET IS FAIR THE GRID ACHIEVES TARGETED RELIABILITY THE GRID ACHIEVES TARGETED RELIABILITY
LEVELSLEVELS THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS IS THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS IS
TRANSPARENTTRANSPARENT THE POOL RULES CAN BE CHANGED IN A THE POOL RULES CAN BE CHANGED IN A
RASONABLE PERIOD OF TIMERASONABLE PERIOD OF TIME THE COST OF GOVERNANCE IS MINIMISEDTHE COST OF GOVERNANCE IS MINIMISED
BASIC GOVERNANCE BASIC GOVERNANCE MODELSMODELS
MULTI-CLASS STAKEHOLDER BOARDMULTI-CLASS STAKEHOLDER BOARD NON STAKEHOLDER BOARDNON STAKEHOLDER BOARD SINGLE CLASS BOARDSINGLE CLASS BOARD FOR-PROFIT CORPORATION NOT FOR-PROFIT CORPORATION NOT
AFFLIATED WITH MARKET AFFLIATED WITH MARKET PARTICIPATIONPARTICIPATION
SINGLE-TIER MODELSINGLE-TIER MODEL
TWO-TIER MODELTWO-TIER MODEL
STRATEGIES FOR STRATEGIES FOR RELIABILITYRELIABILITY
ROBUST TRANSMISSION PLANNING ROBUST TRANSMISSION PLANNING AND INVESTMENT FRAMEWORKAND INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK
SYSTEM AUGMENTED EXCLUSIVELY SYSTEM AUGMENTED EXCLUSIVELY FOR RELIABILITY AND STABILITYFOR RELIABILITY AND STABILITY
AGGRESSIVE CONSTRUCTION AGGRESSIVE CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULESSCHEDULES
SCHEDULING AND SETTLEMENT SCHEDULING AND SETTLEMENT MECHANISM COMPLEMENTS GRID MECHANISM COMPLEMENTS GRID SECURITY.SECURITY.
STRATEGIES FOR STRATEGIES FOR RELIABILITYRELIABILITY
GRID CONTROL CENTERS GRID CONTROL CENTERS MANNED BY SPECIALISED MANNED BY SPECIALISED SENIOR PERSONNELSENIOR PERSONNEL TRAINED IN ALL ASPECTS TRAINED IN ALL ASPECTS
(TECHNICAL , MANAGEMENT AND (TECHNICAL , MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS)COMMUNICATION SKILLS)
EMPOWERED FOR EXIGENCIESEMPOWERED FOR EXIGENCIES LOOSE POWER POOL LOOSE POWER POOL
PHILOSOPHYPHILOSOPHY FLEXIBILITY IN OPERATIONFLEXIBILITY IN OPERATION
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