Importance of Agriculture•A major portion of National income comes from Agriculture•Agriculture provides raw materials to industries.•Agriculture creates employment opportunities.•Agriculture plays a crucial role in our international trade.•Agriculture creates infrastructural facilities.•Importance for industrial development.•Agriculture feeds the large population of our country.

Problems in Agricultural sector•Lack of proper land reform measures•Lack of credit facilities.•Lack of fertilizers.•Lack of proper agriculture research.•Small and uneconomic holdings.•Inadequate irrigation facilities.•Defective marketing facilities.•Soil erosion.•Pests and plant diseases.•Soil erosion. •Very high dependency on monsoons.

Green Revolution Green revolution is the term connecting the agriculure sector. Green revolution means the tremendous hike in the agricultural production and productivity during the mid of 1960’s. It is also known as the New Agricultural Strategy comprises IADP, IAAP and HYVP.

New Agricultural Strategy1. Intensive Agricultural District Programme

(IADP) : The objective of this programme was to increase the production of food grains.

2. Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (IAAP) : Introduced in 1964-65 aims for the intensive development of major crops such as wheat, paddy, millets, cotton , sugar cane, potato, pulse etc.

3. High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP) was launched in 1966. Aims at the introduction of high yielding verities of seeds.

Components of Green Revolution 1. New Agricultural Strategy.2. Multiple cropping 3. Improved credit facilities.4. Processing Storage and marketing facilities.5. Dry land development.6. Price incentives.7. Farmers training and education.8. Agricultural research and technology.9. Setting up of new institutions.

Impact of Green revolutionpositive impact

1. Hike in agricultural production and productivity.2. Increase in food production3. Boost the production of cereals.4. Fall in poverty.5. More employment is created 6. More irrigational facilities developed.7. More infrastructure is created.8. More land is added to agriculture9. Better distribution of land.10.More reasearch on agriculture

Impact of Green revolutionNegative impact

1. Increase in both inter-regional and intra-regional inequalities.

2. Environmental degradation took place3. Reduction in employment elasticity4. Increase in personal inequality5. Traditional knowledge was lost.6. Ground water level down.7. Health problems due to excess of mosquitoes 8. Irrigation of fields without proper drainage

Rainbow RevolutionRainbow revolution means the ‘Food Chain Revolution’ to put a check on destroying food grains, vegetables and fruits. It is around development of all primary sector products.

Rainbow revolution 1. Green revolution – Agriculture (food grains production)2. White revolution – Milk3. Blue revolution – Fish4. Yellow revolution – Oilseeds5. Golden Revolution- Fruits/apple6. Black revolution – Petroleum 7. Silver revolution – eggs8. Round revolution – potato9. Red Revolution – Meats/Tomato10. Grey revolution – Fertilizers11. Pink revolution – Shrip12. Brown Revolution - Leather

Land ReformsLand reforms means abolishing the existing defective structure of land holding by introducing a rationalized structure in order to increase the agriculture productivity.

Different Land Tenure system existed in India before

Independence

1. Zamindari System2. Mahalwari System or Communal system of

farming3. Ryotwari System of the owner – cultivator

system

Zamindari SystemThis system was created by the British East India Company in Bengal. Lord Cornwallis introduced “Permanent Settlement Act in 1793. Under this system Zamindars were declared as the owner of the land and they are resp0nsible for pay the land revenue to the government which is fixed. The land lords get pre-determined share of the produce. The cultivator no have any ownership rights on land and they are only tenants under the Zamindari system. About 25% of area was covered under this system.

Mahalwari SystemThis system was introduced by William Bentinck in Agra and Oudh (North Western Uttar pradesh). It was later extended to Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. Under this system ownership of land is maintained by collective body usually villagers which serves as a unit of management. They distribute land among the peasants and collect revenue from them and pay it to the state. About 39% of the land area was covered under this system before independence.

Ryotwari System or the Owner Cultivator system

This system was initially introduced in Tamil Nadu and later extended to Maharashtra, Assam, Coorg, East Punjab and Madhya Pradesh. Under this system the ownership rights of use and control of land are held by the tiller itself. There is direct relationship government and the cultivator. About 36% of the land area was covered under this system before independence in India.

Objectives of Land Reforms in India•Restructuring of agrarian relation to achieve egalitarian social structure.•Elimination of exploitation in land reforms.•Improvement of socio economic conditions of the rural poor by widening their land base. • Increase in agricultural production and productivity.•Facilitating land base development of rural poor•Infusion of a greater measure of equality in local institution .

Measures and progress of Land reforms in India

1. Abolition of Zamindari System2. Tenancy Reforms3. Ceiling on the holdings4. Consolidation of holdings5. Co-operative farming6.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

(MGNREGA)The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005) aims to enhance livelihood security for all adults willing to perform unskilled manual labour in rural areas. Any household is entitled to 100 days of employment in a financial year at a minimum daily wage rate. Work can be split among household members, but workers must be at least 18 years old. MGNREGA’s planning process is unique among India’s government programmes.

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna (SGSY)

Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) is an initiative launched by the Government of India to provide sustainable income to poorest poor people living in rural & urban areas of the country. The scheme was launched on April 1, 1999.The SGSY aims at providing self-employment to villagers through the establishment of self-help groups. Activity clusters are established based on the aptitude and skill of the people which are nurtured to their maximum potential. Funds are provided by NGOs, banks and financial institutions

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna (PMGSY)

The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana or PMGSY is a nationwide plan in India to

provide good all-weather road connectivity to unconnected villages.

This Centrally Sponsored Scheme was introduced in 2000 by the then Prime Minister Of India Shri 

Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Shri Prabhjot Singh . The Assam Tribune has reported that the scheme has

started to change the lifestyle of many villagers as it has resulted in new roads and upgrade of

certain inter-village routes in Manipur.

Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY)Indira Awaas Yojana is a social welfare flagship programme, created by the Indian Government, to provide housing for the rural poor in India. The differentiation is made between rural poor and urban poor for a separate set of schemes operate for the urban poor(like the Basic Services for Urban Poor). This scheme was launched by Rajiv Gandhi,the Prime Minister of India at that time

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of the Government of Indiathat provides financial assistance to the elderly, widows and persons with disabilities in the form of social pensions

Atal Pension YojanaAtal Pension Yojana is a government-backed pension scheme in India targeted at the unorganised sector. It was originally mentioned in the 2015 Budget speech by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley in February 2015. It was formally launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 9 May in Kolkata. As of May 2015, only 11% of India's population has any kind of pension scheme, this scheme aims to increase the number

Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana

Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) is a Government of India scheme designed to provide continuous power supply to rural India.The initiative is named in honor of Indian political philosopher Deen Dayal Upadhyaya.It is one of the key initiatives of the Modi Government.

Janani Suraksha YojanaJanani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) or Mother Security Scheme is an Indian Government scheme proposed by the Government of India. It was launched on 12 April 2005 by the Prime Minister of India. It aim to decrease the neo-natal and maternal deaths happening in the country by promoting institutional delivery of babies. This is a safe motherhood intervention under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM).

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (

JnNURM)This programme is mainly for urban development. It was implimented in 2005.A programme meant to improve the quality of life and infrastructure in the cities. To be replaced by Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation

Integrated Rural Development Program The Integrated Rural Development

Programme (IRDP) is a rural development program of the Government of Indialaunched in financial year 1978 and extended throughout India by 1980. It is a self-employment program intended to raise the income-generation capacity of target groups among the poor