the human body: anorientationan...
Post on 21-Jun-2020
2 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
1
C H A P T E R
1The Human Body: An OrientationAn Orientation
An Overview of Anatomy
• Anatomy• The study of the structure of the human body
• Physiology• The study of body functiony y
Anatomy - Study of internal and external body structures
• Gross Anatomy
• Surface Anatomy
• Systemic Anatomy
• Regional Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Comparative Anatomy
2
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules.
Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells
Cardiovascular system
OrganelleMoleculeAtomsSmooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Blood vesselHeartBlood
1 2
3
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues.
Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.
Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems.
Connective tissue
(organ)Bloodvessels
Epithelialtissue
Smooth muscle tissue
4
56
Figure 1.1
4
Body Regions and Directional Terms
• Axial Region: head, cervical (neck), and trunk (thoracic region and abdominal region)
• Appendicular region: upper and lower limbs.
Gross Anatomy—An Introduction
Figure 1.3a
5
Gross Anatomy—An Introduction
Figure 1.3b
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (1 of 3)
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
6
Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (3 of 3)
Body Planes and Sections
Figure 1.4
Cranial cavity(contains brain
Dorsal bodycavity
Thoraciccavity(contains
Body Cavities and Membranes
Vertebral cavity(contains spinal cord) Abdominal cavity
(contains digestiveviscera)
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
heart andlungs)
(a) Lateral view
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Figure 1.6a
7
Body Cavities and MembranesCranialcavity
SuperiormediastinumPleuralcavity
Vertebralcavity
Thoraciccavity(contains
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum
cavity
Abdomino-pelviccavity
Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)
Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
(heart andlungs)
(b) Anterior viewFigure 1.6b
Serous Membranes
Produce a lubricating fluid Allows organs to slide over one another
without friction. Contains infection of one organ from Contains infection of one organ from
spreading to another organ. Covering lungs- pleura Covering the abdominal cavity- peritoneum Covering the heart-pericardium
Body Cavities and Membranes
Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Figure 1.7d
( p y)
Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa)
(d) Model of the serous membranes and serous cavity
8
Lung
Parietal pleura
Ribs
Pleural cavity
Body Cavities and Membranes
Pleural cavity with serous fluid
Visceral pleura
Diaphragm
(a) Serosae associated with the lungs: pleuraFigure 1.7a
Heart
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Body Cavities and Membranes
Pericardial cavity with serous fluid
Visceral pericardium
(b) Serosae associated with the heart: pericardiumFigure 1.7b
Peritoneal
Anterior Visceral peritoneum
Liver
Body Cavities and Membranes
Parietalperitoneum
Wall ofbody trunk
Kidney(retroperitoneal)
cavity (withserous fluid)Stomach
(c) Serosae associated with the abdominal viscera: peritoneum
Posterior
Liver
Figure 1.7c
9
• Body Sections:1. A sagittal section divides the body into
right and left portions.2. A transverse section divides the body into
superior and inferior portions. It is oftencalled a “cross section”called a cross section .
3. A coronal section divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
Abdominal Regions
Liver Diaphragm Spleen
Figure 1.8a, b
Epigastricregion
Umbilicalregion
Rightlumbarregion
Leftlumbarregion
Righthypochondriac
region
Lefthypochondriac
region
Hypogastric(pubic)region
Right iliac(inguinal)
region
Left iliac(inguinal)
region
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes
Gallbladder
Ascending colon oflarge intestineSmall intestine
Appendix
Cecum
Stomach
Descending colonof large intestine
Transverse colonof large intestine
Initial part ofsigmoid colonUrinary bladder
(b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing thesuperficial organs
Abdominal Quadrants
Right upperquadrant(RUQ)
Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)
Left upperquadrant(LUQ)
Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)
(c) The four abdominopelvic quadrantsFigure 1.8c
top related