the current state of university education in america: where should japanese universities go from...
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The Current State of University Education in America:Where Should Japanese Universities Go from Here?
Topics:1. Overview2. Global Influence3. Student Perspective4. Use of Technology5. Summary: Considerations for Japan
The American University System
Overview
is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees.
derived from the Latin word meaning “community of teachers and scholars.”
University
1. Develop the highest degree of creative thought.
2. Contribute to society by solving real world problems.
Purpose
Academic Freedom
Freedom to teach or communicate ideas or
facts without fear.
Creative Thought
Creative thoughtleads to innovation.
Innovation solves real world
problems.
Creative ThoughtNoble Prizes
+
=177
+
Creative ThoughtNoble Prizes
+
=146
+
State University System “In State”
is a group of public universitiessupported by an individual state.
The majority of public universities are state funded. Each state has at least one.
University
Out-Of-State Public Universities
are universities located and funded in a state other than your own. The tuition is
higher for students attending schools out-of-state.
University
The University of North Carolina at Chapel HillEstablished 1789 - Oldest Public University in America
The University of California, BerkeleyTop ranked public university in America.
Noble Prizes: 47
Private Universities
in the U.S. operate as educational and research nonprofit organizations.
University
Harvard UniversityTop ranked private university in America.
Noble Prizes: 46
Liberal Arts Degree
Students major in a particular discipline while exposed to a wide range of academic subjects including science and humanities.
University
Liberal Arts Degree
Develops knowledge about subjects that are considered essential for a free person to know in order to take an active part in
civic life and public debate.
Usually take 4 years to complete.
University
Technical Degrees:Very career oriented, with practical
hands-on training particular to a specific field of study. Usually take
two years to complete.
Technical Degrees:Top 5
1. Computer Specialist2. Dental Hygienist3. Fashion Designer4. Registered Nurse5. Environmental Engineering Technician
Academic Degrees:
Certificate 3 ~ 24 months Specialized trades such as chef,message therapist or welder.
Associate 2 yearsVocational or technical fields.
AA = Associate of ArtsAS = Associate of Science
AFA = Associate of Fine Arts
Bachelors 4 yearsRequire general studies classes.
BA = Bachelor of ArtsBS = Bachelor of Science
BFA = Bachelor of Fine Arts
Masters 2 yearsMaster an area of study.MBA = Master of Business Administration
MS = Master of ScienceMED = Master of Education
Doctoral 3 ~ 5 yearsQualifies holder to teach at the college level. Doctorate is latin for “to teach.”
Ph.D. = Doctor of Philosophy
Top 10 College Majors
1 Business Administration2 Psychology3 Nursing4 Biology5 Education6 English7 Economics8 Communications Studies9 Political Science
10 Computer Science
High School 88%Some College 57%
Associate and/or Bachelors 40%Bachelors 30%Masters 8%Doctoral 3%
20 Million Students4,500 Institutions
Universitas 21 ranked the United States as having the best higher education system
in the world in 2012.
More than 30 of thehighest-ranking 45 institutions are inthe United States.
MIT ranked topin the world.
MIT Alumni Companies 25,800+ WorldwideYearly Sales $2 trillion+
About the GDP of: Brazil or Italy
MIT Vision Statement:To use technology and knowledge to improve the human condition.
GlobalInfluence
International Students atAmerican Colleges and Universities
723,277
2000 - 2010
32%
2000/01 = 56,000
280%2010/11 = 158,000
Rank Country Number % of Total1 China 158,000 22%2 India 104,000 15%3 South Korea 74,000 10%4 Canada 28,000 4%5 Taiwan 25,000 4%6 Saudi Arabia 23,000 3%7 Japan 21,000 3%8 Vietnam 15,000 2%9 Mexico 14,000 2%
10 Turkey 12,000 1%
1 Business and Management2 Engineering3 Math and Computer Science4 Physical and Life Sciences5 Social Sciences
Top 5 Majors for International Students
The University of Southern California, Los AngelesLargest Number of International Students
8,600
Presidents 46Prime Ministers 29Ambassadors 30
317 world leaders form 115 countries
were educated in the USA.
This is a form of “soft power”
that helps improveAmericaʼs
relationship with countries throughout
the world.
American Students Abroad
270,604
American Students Abroad
UK Italy Spain France China Japan
33,000 28,000 25,000 17,000 13,000 6,000
Goucher CollegeAll students are required to study abroad.
Baltimore, Maryland
StudentPerspective
?University Selection Process
Five Factors to Consider1. Qualifications for Admission
2. Academic Opportunities
3. Location and Setting
4. Campus Life
5. Cost and Funding Available
?1. Qualifications for Admission High School GPA SAT and ACT scores Extracurricular Activities
University Selection Process
?2. Academic OpportunitiesStudents must consider:
Academic majors The student to faculty ratio Opportunities to do research Honors and scholars programs Study abroad programs Internships for academic credit
University Selection Process
?3.Location and SettingStudents must consider:
Urban or rural area Climate and weather Campus size Center of excellence in your field
University Selection Process
City University of New York540,000Largest number of Students
?4. Campus LifeStudents must consider:
Academically rigorous Extracurricular activities Dining services Dormitories Sports Clubs Community service activities
University Selection Process
?5. Cost and FundingStudents must consider:
Public universities Cost of living Financial aid Scholarships Work opportunities
University Selection Process
How the average American FamilyPays for College
7%
9%
37%
10%
14%
23%
Parent Incomeand Savings
Parent Borrowing
Student Borrowing
Grants andScholarships
Friends andRelatives
Student Incomeand Saving
Average full time tuition, room and
board: $$32,0262011
$21,3732001
Full Time Students: $80%
Receive financial aid.
23%Work 20 or more hours per week.
Highly Selective Open Enrollment
Want the best students Everyone welcome
Require excellent high school GPA of 3.7+ with Hard Classes
Average state school requires a 2.5 GPA
Require high SAT or ACT scores Stanford University requires a 2040 - 2330 SAT or a 30 - 34 ACT
Average state school SAT 1540 or ACT 22
Require letters of recommendation Not required
Require an essay Not required
Demonstrated Leadership Ability Not required
Demonstrated Achievement other than academic Not required
Demonstrated Passion to Change the World Not required
Requirements
“Creative thinking involves two components:
courage and critical thinking.”-Marvin Minsky, co-founder of the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT
Critical Thinking: is the process of improving
our ability to judge well. It provides a way for us to
learn from new experiences and to form sound beliefs
and judgements.
American UniversitiesEncourage the Development of
Critical Thinkers who can:1. judge the credibility of sources2. ask clarifying questions3. judge an argument4. develop a reasonable position regarding a belief or an action5. formulate plausible hypotheses6. plan and conduct experiments well7. draw conclusions with caution
Strategies American universitiesuse to development critical thinking skills
include encouraging class discussion and developing both verbal and written
communication skills.
1. Urge students to be reflective, to stop and think, instead of making snap judgments, or accepting the first idea that comes into their heads, or
automatically accepting whatever is presented in the media.
2. Gently ask such questions as “How do you know”, "What are the reasons?" and “Is that a good source of information?” thus prodding them to
have good reasons for their views and to seek reasons for others' views.
3. Emphasize alertness for alternative hypotheses, conclusions, explanations, sources of evidence, points of view, plans, etc.
Strategies to Develop Critical Thinking
Class Discussion
Group activities are frequently required in university classes. These activities include scientific experiments, business simulations, presentations
and group essays and reports.
Strategies to Develop Critical Thinking
Group Activities
Public speaking is a required class for most majors. In addition to public speaking many classes require students make presentations during class.
Presenting information in class requires a higher level of understanding. This process develops critical thinking. In addition, fellow classmates are often
required to ask questions and provide feedback.
Strategies to Develop Critical Thinking
Public Speaking
Strategies to Develop Critical Thinking
Writing SkillsThe development of competent writing skills is also required at American
universities. A common freshman writing class is Composition 101. This class is often required during a studentʼs first college term. Students are often
required to retake this class if they get a C grade or lower.
Most college classes require written reports and essays. Students receive lower grades if their essays are not well written. Most colleges have tutors at
Writing Centers to provide students with extra help with their writing assignments.
To meet the needs of our increasingly global job market American universities strongly encourage students to become international citizens. This is
encouraged in several ways. To begin with most colleges require students to study a foreign language for a least one year. Also, the number of students
studying abroad continues to increase.
Many universities have strategic plans that including increasing the number of faculty and students that teach and study abroad as well as increasing the
number of international students that attend.
Strategies to Develop Career Skills
International Citizens
Internship is a system of on-the-job training for white-collar and professional careers. The internship works as an exchange of services for experience
between the student and his or her employer.
Internships are a proven way to gain relevant knowledge, skills, and experience while establishing important connections in the field. Internships can be part time during the school term or full time over the summer break. Most internships are paid. Internships are a good way to improve studentsʼ resumes and can lead to
job offers after graduation.
Strategies to Develop Career Skills
Internships
80%Hired after graduation.
All universities have a career resources department. This department provides information about employment opportunities for students. These opportunities
include internships and jobs after graduation.
Strategies to Develop Career Skills
Career Services
Career Services Explore career options Help with resume preparation Job search Interview preparation Alumni networking
“Ask-an-alum” Career mentoring Job shadowing Networking opportunities
Technology
Online DegreeIs a degree earnedprimarily or entirely
online.
Online Courses
31%
What is online learning?Proportion of content
delivered online Type of course Typical Description
0% TraditionalCourse with no online technology
used; content delivered in writing or orally.
1% to 29% Web facilitatedCourse using Web-based technology to facilitate what is essentially a face-
to-face course; may use LMS (learning management system)
30% to 79% BlendedCourse that blends online and face-to-
face delivery; large proportion of content delivered online; uses forums,
online practices and quizzes; has fewer face-to-face meetings.
80+% OnlineCourse where most or all content is
delivered online; typically has no face-to-face meetings.
66%Learning Outcomes
At least as good as face-to-face
20%Learning Outcomes
Online Education is Superior
Blended CoursesGenerally get the best
learning outcomes.
First Quarter 20121,000,000iPads sold to high schoolsand colleges in America
“Education tends to be a conservative institution, but weʼre not seeing that
at all on the iPad. The adoption of the iPad in education is something Iʼve never seen in any
technology.” -Apple CEO Tim Cook
Most teachers are accustomed to a situation where the teacher is the center of the classroom
and the provider of knowledge. Now the iPad
allows teachers to put more of the responsibility of learning into the hands
of the students.
Six Scholarly Uses for iPad:1. Photographic-led researchThe iPad enables not only the presentation of photographs, but also their cataloging and bundling for research.
2. Teaching with screen-based mediaThe iPadʼs capacity to operate as a self-standing screen for time-shifting and space-shifting media makes it ideal for small-group teaching. It is unobtrusive and mobile.
3. Archived lecturesThe iPad has enhanced the usability of university video podcasts in research and teaching: when watching lectures recorded with a static camera, the platform offers an intimacy with the speaker.
4.Student portfoliosThe iPad offered a way for artists and media practitioners to carry and present their films, photographs, digital storytelling narratives, community media projects and soundscapes in interviews and consultancies.
5.Book readerTextbooks, books, newspapers and magazines can all be accessed on an iPad with the addition of engaging multimedia.
6. Full, portable Internet accessStudents have access to the power of the Internet. They can access online curricula via learning management systems conveniently anytime, any place.
Social Media
“The younger generation has grown up with social media. Itʼs like electricity, they expect it to exist.”
-a University of Notre Dame student
Five ways American Universities use Social Media1. Answer QuestionsAmerican colleges and universities use Facebook pages and Twitter accounts to communicate with current and perspective students. Students can ask questions and get answers quickly using social media. Also perspective students can network with current students to get student information about a particular university from the students perspective.
2. School NewsSchools can provide current news and information about events using social media. This news is available to students, family, visitors, and friends of the university.
3. NetworkingStudents can network with their schoolʼs alumni via social media.
4.Student surveysSocial media is a great way to quickly get student feedback regarding their opinions on school decisions related to them.
5.Professors use social media in classTwitter and Facebook are used by professors to engage students by answering class related questions, discussing projects and assignments.
Teacher-centered Student-centered
Broadcast Learning Interactive Learning
One-size-fits-all One-size-fits-one
Instruction: Learning about Instruction: Learning to be
Individualistic Learning Collaborative Learning
“Industrial Age” “Information Age”
Use of Digital Technologies
SummaryConsiderations for Japan
Academic Freedom - the freedom to engage in intellectual debate without fear of censorship or retaliation.
Liberal Arts Education - provides students with broad knowledge of the wider world. This leads to improved critical and creative thinking.
Global influence - American colleges and universities welcome students from around the world. Educating foreign citizens creates a deeper understanding of American around the world. Also American students and faculty are encourage to study abroad.
Critical Thinking - American colleges and universities emphasize critical thinking. There is a strong emphasis on class discussion, group activities, public speaking and writing skills.
Career Skills - American colleges and universities have resources available to help students prepare for and find employment.
Technology Enhanced Learning - American colleges and universities deploy the use of learning management systems, online curricula, iPads, and social media to empower students to become more involved in the learning process.
Powerful Characteristics:
Considerations for Japan:Entrance Exam:Currently the entrance exam system with an emphasis on memorization is interfering with studentsʼ development. Students need more time in high school to develop their written and oral Japanese communication skills and their English skills instead of focusing so much time on entrance exam preparation. The university admissions process in American looks at the whole student instead of a single test score.
Liberal Arts:Japanese colleges and universities often have narrowly focused majors. Exposing students to a broader liberal arts education will help students become more creative and better informed citizens.
Global Influence:Japanʼs Global 30 project is a positive step toward the internationalization of Japanʼs high education system. However, much more needs to be done to both increase the number of foreign students studying in Japan and the number of Japanese students studying abroad. South Korea with only half the population of Japan sends more than three times as many students to the United States. Japanese universities only have about 5% foreign teachers. This number needs to increase as well. Japan must become more globalized and less isolationist in order to compete economically in the future.
Considerations for Japan:
Critical Thinking:Ideally Japanese high schools improve their curricula to include a stronger emphasis on communication skills. These skills would lead to better prepared college students. Japanese colleges and universities must develop better critical thinking skills by changing to a more student-centric education model. This model includes more class discussion, group activities, oral and written skills development.
Career Preparation:Japanese industry and universities need to collaborate and change the current system of hiring students prior to their final year in college. This situation creates a disincentive for students to study during their senior year. This is a waste of potential skill development. An American-type internship system would be good to implement in Japan. Japanese college students could do an internship during their senior year and gain valuable job skills. College credit should be awarded for internships. Finally, Japanese colleges and universities need more fully developed career resources departments available to better prepare students for the job market.
Technology:Japanese colleges and universities need to study and adopt more of the technologies American universities are using. These include more online course work, and the use of iPads, social media and other digital technologies.
End.
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