the civil war the leaders 16 th u.s. president 23 states in union capital - washington, d.c. purpose...

THE CIVIL WAR

The Leaders

• 16TH U.S. President• 23 STATES in Union• CAPITAL - WASHINGTON,

D.C.• PURPOSE FOR WAR:

PRESERVATION OF THE UNION– The South does not

have the right to secede

– Why not a war against slavery yet?

• Jefferson Davis, President

• 11 states in CSA• Capital - Richmond, VA

Purpose for War: protect states’ rights– States have the right

to govern themselves

• Davis will be charged with treason at war’s end

THE UNION & CONFEDERACY IN 1861

THE UNION & CONFEDERACY IN 1861

ANACONDA PLAN:

• BLOCKADE Southern ports• Keeps foreign aid out• Ruins South’s economy

• Send gunboats down MS River to cut off flow of supplies & divide S• Capture the Capital of Richmond• Exhaust S’s resources, forcing surrender• “Total war”

UNION / YANKEE STRATEGY

CONFEDERATE / REBEL STRATEGY

• DEFENSE!• Initially, South had the

most victories• Defense is a much simpler

strategy

• Alliance Attempts– With Britain and France– Required South to show it had a chance to

win.

Advantages and DisadvantagesNorth v South

Rating the North & the South

Rating the North & the South

Resources: North & the South

Resources: North & the South

UNION ADDS 1

West Virginia – Several western counties in Virginia were antislavery SO when Va. left the Union those counties seceded from Virginia and joined the Union.

Railroad Lines, 1860

Railroad Lines, 1860

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

ADVANTAGES

• POPULATION - 22 million vs. S - 9 million

• AGRICULTURE - most of grain crops & meat; South has problems distributing food

• INDUSTRY - more than 80% of manufacturing

• TECHNOLOGY: weapons, telegraph lines, & railroads

• NAVY• LEGIT – viewed as the legit U.S.• PROBLEMS: inexperienced

soldiers, have to invade, unpopular war, draft issues

• MILITARY STRATEGY– defensive strategy

only– familiar territory

• MILITARY LEADERSHIP– strong military

traditions with many officers trained at West Point

– 7 out of 8 military colleges • EXPERIENCED SOLDIERS• PROBLEMS: Lack of funds

and trade, transportation & communication, no real foreign aid, population

NORTH SOUTH

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861

OPENING SHOTS OF CIVIL WAR:

FORT SUMTER, 1861

THE FORT, LOCATED IN

CHARLESTON HARBOR, SOUTH CAROLINA, WAS

THE UNION’S PROPERTY SO

WHEN THE CONFEDERATE

ARMY ATTACKED, IT

WAS AN ACT OF WAR

THE WAR BEGINS -- FT. SUMTER, SC

• Rebels took this federal fort on April 12, 1861

• Stirred feelings of nationalism in both sides - both began forming armies

• 4 more states seceded after this attack: AR, NC, TN, VA

Border States – slave states that remained in Union: MD, KY, DE & MO

(eventually WV also)Lincoln established “martial law” to keep them

BATTLE OF BULL RUN

• July 186l• Bull Run Stream / Manassas,

VA (near Washington, D.C.)• North is going after the

Southern capital of Richmond - expecting a short war

• South – was starting to retreat…except Stonewall Jackson – got his nickname here

• Jackson kept fighting, reinforcements showed up & SOUTH WINS decisively

• North panicked / ran back to DC

• North realizes it will not be a short & quick war

The “Picnic Battle”The “Great Skedaddle”

Sullivan Ballou

September 1862 at Antietam Creek, Sharpsburg, MD

Southern General Robert E. Lee has invaded the North hoping for victory that will give British support

Northern soldier found Lee’s plans wrapped around cigars – North attacks Lee’s divided forces

S lost 11,000 & N lost 13,000 in one day!

NORTH “WON” since Lee retreated back to VA

North doesn’t have another major victory for a year!

ANTIETAM -Single Bloodiest DayIn U.S. History!

EFFECT:Lincoln issues theEmancipationProclamation

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

• September 22, 1862• Not issued earlier for fear of the reaction in

the border states• Frees ONLY SLAVES IN THE SOUTH! –

the states in rebellion• So, no immediate effect in really freeing

slaves• BUT, slaves escaping to Union lines

would be free• DID keep the British from allying with S• Confederate Response: any black soldier

caught in Union uniform will be returned to slavery. If caught fighting, will be shot on sight with any white commanding officers, even if they surrender. Effectively ends all POW exchanges.

Emancipation in 1863Emancipation in 1863

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

GETTYSBURGJuly 1-3, 1863

South - Generals Lee, Longstreet, Pickett – 76,000

North - General Meade – 92,000 men South takes town & force North to high ground South spends next 2 days trying to take the

position NORTH WINS; South suffers devastating losses South lost 10,000 in “Pickett’s Charge” alone South - 28,000 lost; North – 23,000 lost TURNING POINT - loss from which the South

could never recover Lee’s 2nd & final invasion of the North; he

retreats on July 4, 1863 Again, the Union doesn’t pursue him – 2 more

years of war!

Pickett’s Charge

Gettysburg CasualtiesGettysburg Casualties

GETTYSBURG MEMORIAL SERVICESNovember 19, 1863

The Gettysburg Address November

19, 1863The speech contains only 272 words, but is considered by most historians to be one of the greatest speeches in American History.

Click on pic to hear Lincoln’s Address

VICKSBURG - May 2-July 4, 1863

• Gen. Ulysses S. Grant for N• North is seeking full control

of the Miss. River & Grant had made 5 attempts to capture Vicksburg

• Grant surrounds the city & bombards them for more than 6 weeks ----

• starves them out• NORTH WINS – significance?

• now has total control of the MS River

• has cut the S in two -- cut off from TX & AR, its major food source

Battle of Atlanta

• Sherman moves south from TN

• Captured Atlanta by Sept. 1864; occupied it until Nov. & then burned it down

• Major effect?– This victory helped

Lincoln win reelection in November 1864

Sherman’sMarch to the

Sea• Vowed to “make GA howl”• Cut a 60-mile wide, 300 mile long path of

destruction from Atlanta to Savannah – TOTAL WAR!

• Took Savannah in Dec. 1864• Sherman offers Savannah to Lincoln as a

Christmas present• Sherman now heads through SC & NC to meet up

with Grant in VA and continues his path of total destruction

Sherman’s Neckties

As the Union army moved through the South, they would destroy train tracks by heating up the rails and bending them into a bow - became known as “Sherman’s Neckties”

THE SURRENDER

• April 9, 1865 (Palm Sunday)• Appomattox Court House, VA• Generous surrender terms:

– Men could go home if they promised to quit fighting– Officers could keep their pistols– Soldiers could keep their horses

THE SURRENDER

Very somber, formal, dignifiedAll other S generals surrendered by the end of April, 1865

http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/abraham-lincoln/videos/the-other-side-of-lincoln-lincolns-assassination

Assassination of LincolnApril 14, 1865

• 1st President assassinated.

• Killed on April 14, 1865 – Good Friday - while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre with his wife.

• Shot in the back of the head by John Wilkes Booth while watching the play Our American Cousin.

• Booth’s original plan was a conspiracy to kidnap Lincoln & hold him for ransom….ransom to be the release of Confederate POWs…..failed & then Lee surrendered on April 9 so Booth changes plan to assassination….

• of Lincoln, Grant, Sec. of State Seward & VP Johnson

• Booth jumped out of the balcony, broke his leg,

but escaped --- sic semper tyrannis!

• Lincoln died the next morning at the Peterson house (across the street)

• 12 day manhunt for Booth

• Finally, trapped in barn in MD, refused to come out, shot

The Trial and Execution of the Conspirators

• The conspirators were Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, George Atzerdot, Michael O’Laughlen, Samuel Arnold, Edman Spangler, and Dr. Samuel Mudd.

• Military trial – why?• A majority vote would result in a guilty

verdict, while a two-thirds majority would be a death sentence.

• All eight were found guilty, with Surratt, Powell, Herold, and Atzerdot all being sentenced to death by hanging.

• Laughlen died in prison, while the last three were pardoned by President Andrew Johnson.

Leather gloves worn by Lincoln to Ford's Theater on the night of his assassination. Blood stains are visible at the cuffs.