the civil rights movement ch. 18. segregation divides america de jure segregation- segregation...
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The Civil Rights Movement
Ch. 18
Segregation Divides America
De jure segregation- segregation upheld by law
De facto segregation- segregation by unwritten custom or tradition
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)African Americans could gain civil rights
through nonviolent means Committee of Civil Rights
Founded by TrumanInvestigate race relations
Emerging Civil Rights Movement
1948 – Jackie Robinson integrates MLB 1954 – Brown vs. Board of Education
Last in a series of court cases related to segregation in education• One was at the University of Oklahoma Law School
overturns “separate but equal” Plessy Thurgood Marshall- head of the legal team
Emmett Till’s murder 1955-56 – Montgomery Bus Boycott
Mrs. Rosa Parks 1957 – Little Rock Crisis
Eisenhower forced to deploy federal troops
Civil Rights in the 1960s
Nonviolent Protest Lunch counter “sit-ins” begin: Greensboro, NC February 1960
Wade-ins read-ins Kneel-ins
SNCC (Student nonviolent Coordinating Committee) created April 1960
CORE “Freedom Ride” May 1961 James Meredith integrates the University of Mississippi fall
1962 Demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama April 1963
Eugene “Bull” Connor- used violence against protesters “Letter from Birmingham Jail”
Governor George Wallace tries to block integration of the University of Alabama Fall 1963
Sit-ins
James Meredith University of Mississippi
Student Protesters and Ole Miss
200 arrested in riots at Ole Miss
High Schoolers jailed for marching
Oh Wallace, you never can jail us all,Oh Wallace, segregation's bound to fall
March on Washington
Aug. 1963 Martin Luther King Jr
“I have a dream” speech Led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Banned segregation in public accommodations
Gave fed. gov. the ability to compel states to desegregate their schools
And when this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last! Free at last!Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!
Voting Rights
Freedom Summer – 1964 Black and white students focusing on registering
African Americans to vote Anti-poll tax Amendment (24th) 1964 Selma March – March 1965
“Bloody Sunday” State troopers violently attacked the marchers
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Banned literacy tests Federal government controls voter registration
Thousands marched to the Courthouse in Montgomery to protest rough treatment given voting rights demonstrators. The Alabama Capitol is in the background. March 18,1965
Marchers cross bridge
Challenges of the late 1960s The Rise of Black Nationalism The Black Power Movement Many goals had been achieved The death of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Attention of many diverted to Vietnam Increased rioting in African American
communities decreases popular support
Black Nationalism – Beliefs Black people should have control of their own
communities Ex.: Black teachers, town council members, police
officers, business owners Separatism not integration Emphasis on racial pride and self respect Emphasis on African history and cultural heritage Self-defense
**Black nationalists DID NOT “advocate violence” or “use riots” to accomplish their goals
Black Nationalism (cont.) Appealing to young urban African Americans Appealing to activists who believed things were not
changing fast enough SNCC – Stokeley Carmichael Malcolm X
Nation of IslamDemanded separation of races
Black Panthers Formed by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton Protect people from police, antipoverty programs
1968 Olympic Protest
The Women’s Rights Movement
Ch. 23 Sec. 2
Women’s Movement Arises
After WWII women gave up their jobs to returning servicemen and returned home to care for families and homes
1960s- movement to gain sexual equality Feminism- theory of political, social, and
economic equality of men and women Civil Rights movement prompted women to
look at their own treatment from society
Women Find Their Voices
Betty FriedanWrote The Feminine MystiqueHelped establish the National Organization for
Women (NOW)• Dedicated to winning true equality of all women• Wanted to pass Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
• Guarantee gender equality under the law
• Protect reproductive rights Gloria Steinem
Co-founded Ms., a feminist magazine
Opposition
Phyllis SchlaflyFelt feminism was an assault on family,
marriage, and childrenWorked to defeat the ERA
Legal Headway
Civil Rights Act included a clause that outlawed discrimination based on sex
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)Enforce federal prohibition on job
discrimination Roe v. Wade
Assured women the right to legal abortions
Latin Movement
Ch. 23 Sec. 3
Equal Rights
Cesar ChavezLatino activist for farm laborersFormed United Farm Workers (UFW)
• Nonviolent strikes and boycotts
California passed a law requiring collective bargaining
Chicano MovementIncrease awareness of Latino history and
culture
Native American Equality
American Indian Movement (AIM)Fought for Civil Rights
1973 Siege at Wounded KneeAIM took a village and refused to leave until
the gov agreed to investigate the condition of reservation Indians
Government agreed Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975
Gave tribes control over resources on reservations
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