the biological beginnings
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Child Development
Presented by:
Abidah M (G 0838238)
Saheed Aliu O. (G0821455)
Biological Beginnings ……
The Biological Beginnings
Contents: 1. Heredity & Environment –Nature VS
Nurture2. Genetic Foundation3. Reproductive Challenges & Choices
Heredity and Environment Nature vs Nurture
Nature : development happens because of genetic influenced (ex : twin & adoption study)
Nurture : development happens because of environment influenced (ex : feral study)
“Is a child's development influenced by genetics? Or, could the majority of influence
be found in the child's environment?”
Twin Case
Identical Twins (monozygotic twins)
Fraternal Twins (dizygotic twins)
Develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas
Develop from separate eggs and separate sperm, making them genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings
T.J. Bouchard (1979) studied about twins caseequal chance of being similar to the co-twin in
terms of personality, interests, and attitudes
This finding leads us to believe that the similarities between twins are due to genes, not environment
Ex : Jim twins
Adoption study
To discover whether in behavior & psychological characteristics, adopted children are
more like their
Adoptive parents Biological parents
Texas Adoption Research Project (1976): "little similarity between adopted children and their siblings and greater similarity between adopted children and their biological parents” Ex : Schizophrenia case (Plomin et al., 1997)
Islamic PerspectiveHadith :
- وسلم عليه الله صلى ه� الل س�ول� ر� ق�ال� ق�ال�ت� ة� �ش� ع�ائ ع�ن�
. الدارقطنى رواه �ف�اء� �ك األ ف�ى �ال إ �ض�ع�وه�ا ت � ال �م� �ط�ف�ك �ن ل وا ر� ي �خ� ت
“Be selective in where you drop your sperm, don’t place it
unless where it is suitable”.
ه�ا� �م�ال ل �ع/ ب ر�� أل� �ة� أ �م�ر� ال �ح� �ك �ن ت ق�ال� م� ل و�س� �ه� �ي ع�ل ه� الل ص�ل ى �ي5 ب الن ع�ن��د�اك� ي �ت� �ر�ب ت الد5ين� �ذ�ات� ب ف�اظ�ف�ر� �ه�ا �د�ين و�ل �ه�ا و�ج�م�ال �ه�ا ب �ح�س� و�ل
“A woman is married for 4 things, i.e. her wealth, lineage, beauty and religion. So marry the religious woman (otherwise) you will be loser”.
Feral study“Feral" means : wild or undomesticatedPsychologists have studied feral children--
children reared in complete or nearly complete isolation from human contact
Ex : Victor, the "wild boy of Aveyron," is the most famous case of a human being surviving in total isolation for an extended period of time
Islamic Perspective م� ل و�س� �ه� �ي ع�ل ه� الل ص�ل ى �ي@ ب الن ع�ل�ى” ق�ال� �د� �ول ي �ود/ م�و�ل �ل@ ك
�ه�يم�ة� �ب ال �ل� �م�ث ك �ه� ان �م�ج5س� ي و�� أ �ه� ان �ص5ر� �ن ي و�
� أ �ه� �ه�و5د�ان ي �و�اه� ب� ف�أ ة� �ف�ط�ر� ال
“ ج�د�ع�اء� ف�يه�ا ى �ر� ت ه�ل� �ه�يم�ة� �ب ال �ج� �ت �ن ت
The Prophet Says “Every child is born with a true faith of Islam but his parents convert him to Judaism, Christianity or Paganism, as an animal delivers a perfect baby animal. Do you find it mutilated?.....” (Bukhari: Book 23, Hadith: 440)
Birth order studya person's rank by age among his or her siblings
specific characteristics tend to be associated with different birth orders (Hoffman, 1998)
Some psychologists suggest that being an older or younger sibling affect development of :1. Personality (Alfred Adler, (1870-1937)) : Firstborns are "dethroned" when a second child
comes along, and this may have a lasting influence on them
Firstborns scored higher on conservatism, conscientiousness and achievement orientation
Later borns scored higher on rebelliousness, openness, and agreeableness
2. Intelligence (Robert Zajonc, 1970) Firstborns frequently score higher on
intelligence and achievement tests than other children
Ecological Theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979)
Shared and Non Shared Environment Experiences (Plomin, 1993)
Shared environmental experiences: Siblings’ common experiences Parents’ personalities intellectual orientationFamily’s socioeconomic status
Non shared environmental experiences: a child unique experiences within family, outside family)
Often have different peer, teacher in schools
Frameworks of interpreting the influence of nature on individual development
Frameworks Characteristic ExampleThe biological-maturation Endogenous : the changes
come from inside because of biological heritage
body shape, intelligence.
The environmental-learning
Exogenous : the changes come from the environment
children who rewarded and punished by adults because of their effort
The universal-constructivist
Nature and nurture play equal and reciprocal roles as sources of development
the ability to use language, intelligence
The cultural-context Biological and experiential factors influence each other in development.Depending on the specific cultural-historical context within which it interacts
mathematical understanding does not depend only on thinking ability but knowledge and the contexts which mathematical is relevant
Genetic FoundationCell
Nucleus
Chromosomes
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Genes(The basic unit of heredity in a living organism)
Islamic PerspectiveThe prophet said: “A man came to the prophet
and said, “O Allah’s Apostle! A black child has been born for me."
The Prophet asked him, "Have you got camels?“ The man replied, "Yes." The Prophet asked him, "What color are they?" He replied, "They are red." The Prophet further asked, “Is there a gray
colour among them?" He replied, "Yes." The Prophet asked him, "Whence did that
grayness come?" He said, “ May be it is because of heredity." The Prophet said (to him), "Therefore, this child
of yours has inherited as a result of heredity (ancestors)." (Bukhari: Book 63, Hadith, 225)
Processes of Gene transfer from one generation to generation
Mitosis Meiosis FertilizationDuplication of cells Duplication of cells Combination
egg and sperm (in the body) sex cell (gametes)
The Genetic Difference Between Males and Females:a. The chromosome structure of a maleb. The chromosome structure of a female
Genetic Principles Dominant-Recessive Genes
Dominant genes : exerts its effect, overriding the potential influence of the other, recessive genes (brown eyes, blue eyes), BB, Bb
Recessive genes : A gene that is expressed only when it is present if two genes are recessive (brown hair, blond hair), bb
Sex-Linked Genes The inheritance of an altered (mutated) genes, is carried on X
chromosome. May develop X-linked disease. Ex : Hemophilia and fragile X syndrome
Genetic Imprinting Occurs when genes have differing effects depending on whether they
are inherited from father or mother Ex : Huntington disease
Polygenic Inheritance Occurs when many genes interact to influence characteristics Ex : Aggressive
Some Chromosome Abnormalities
Name Description Treatment
Down syndrome An extra chromosome causes mild to severe retardation & physical abnormalities
Surgery, early intervention, infant stimulation, & special learning programs
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)Fragile X syndromeTurner syndrome (XO)
Physical abnormalities, mental retardation, learning disabilities, or short attention span, sexual underdevelopment
Special education, speech & language therapy, hormone therapy in childhood & puberty
Some Gene-Linked Abnormalities
Name Description Treatment
Diabetes Body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar
Treated with insulin
Hemophilia Delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding
Blood transfusions can reduce/prevent it
Sickle-cell anemia Blood disorder that limits the body’s oxygen supply, it can cause joint swelling, heart and kidney failure
Penicillin, antibiotics and blood transfusions
Characteristics of Down Syndrome1. Facial Distortion2. Mental Retardation3. Broad Forehead
Down syndrome
Fragile X syndrome Turner syndrome (XO)
1. Swelling2. Shorter Stature3. Webbed neck
1. Elongated Face2. Large or protruding ear3. Flat feet & soft skin
Reproductive Challenges & Choices
Diagnostic TestsAdoption
Infertility & Reproductive Technology
Prenatal Diagnostic TestsAmniocentesisUltrasound SonographyChorionic Villus SamplingMaternal Blood Screening
Infertility, possible causes and treatments
Problem Possible causes treatment
Low sperm count
Hormone imbalance, possibly environmental pollutants
Hormone therapy, surgery avoiding excessive heat
Immobile sperm
Abnormal sperm shape, Infection, Malfunctioning prostate
NoneAntibioticsHormones
Antibodies against sperm
Problem in immune system
Drugs
Men
Problem Possible causes treatment
Ovulation problems
Ovarian tumor Surgery
Antisperm secretions
unknown Acid or alkaline douche, estrogen therapy
Blocked fallopian tubes
Infection caused by IUD or abortion or by sexually transmitted disease
Eggs surgerically removed from ovary and place in uterus
women
AdoptionAdoption is the social & legal process by
which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated at birth
Psychological experience & School-related effects
(Brondzinsky 1984)
Illicit drugs and delinquency behaviour (sharma 1998)
Later and infant adoption sharma 1996) (Brondzinsky 1984)
References
Al Qur’an Al Hadits Santrock, J.W. 2009.Twelfth edition. Child development. McGraw-Hill, New York,
United States. Cole, M, Sheila, R.C, Judith, B. 1993. The development of children. Second
edition. Scientific American Books is a subsidiary of scientific American. Inc. New York and England
Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E., & Rutter, M. (1997). Behavioral genetics (3rd. ed.). New York: Freeman.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_order http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0002/ai_2602000247/ http://www.nurture-or-nature.com/articles/twin-and-adoption-studies/index.php http://www.nurture-or-nature.com/articles/twin-and-adoption-studies/index.php http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/haimowitz.html
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