the 1920s: efforts at peace. earlier efforts the hague peace conferences of 1899 and 1907 were...
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The 1920s:Efforts at Peace
Earlier Efforts
• The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 were efforts to solve problems before they led to a major war
• A third Hague Conference was scheduled for 1915 – it never took place because of World War I (1914-1918)
United Nations TODAY
General Assembly Meeting in New York, March 1, 2011
United Nations TODAY
Nawaf Salam (at podium), Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the UN, Pictured behindMr. Salam (from left): Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon; Joseph Deiss, President of the sixty-fifthsession of the Assembly; and Muhammad Shaaban, Under-Secretary General for GeneralAssembly Affairs and Conference Management.
League of Nations
• international organization• Proposed in President Woodrow Wilson’s
Fourteen Points• formed as a result of Paris Peace Conference
after World War I (1919-1920)• first met in 1920• first action was to ratify the Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations
First assembly in Geneva, representatives from 41 nations attended
League of Nations - GOALS
• prevent war through collective security (primary purpose)
• disarmament • settle disputes through diplomacy and by
improving the general welfare (living conditions) of people
League of Nations - Structure
• Secretariat, headed by the General Secretary – day-to-day staff
• Council• Assembly• numerous Agencies and Commission
League of Nations - Council
• had the authority to deal with any matter affecting world peace
• four permanent members – Britain, France, Italy, Japan (Germany eventually became fifth permanent member)
• four rotating members – each served a three-year term – eventually increased to eleven members
13th Council Session
League of Nations – other bodies
• Permanent Court of International Justice• Health Committee• Mandates Commission• International Labor Board• Permanent Central Opium Board• etc., etc., etc.
League of Nations - Methods
• Diplomatic negotiation• Condemnation• Economic sanctions
League of Nations - Weaknesses
• United States never joined• had no army of its own – had to depend on
the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions• Britain and France were reluctant to use
sanctions and even more reluctant to take military action
• Japan, Germany, and Italy all quit the League during the 1930s
United Nations - Peacekeepers
Polish soldier (left) and Indonesian soldier, right), patrol officers for United Nations ObserverMission in Georgia (UNOMIG), stop by various houses to interview locals in the Gagida village inAbkhazia region.
United Nations - Peacekeepers
Maj. Frank Hengstermann (right), doctor of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia(UNOMIG) medical team, gives first aid treatment to a local resident in the Gali sector ofAbkhazia region, Georgia.
League of Nations - Failures
• could not prevent the aggression of the Axis Powers during the 1930s
• failed to prevent World War II
Ethiopian emperor Halie Selassie passes through Jerusalem on his way to exile in Britain. He had appealed to the League of Nations for help on June 30, 1936 after Italy invaded his country.The League took no action.
Washington Naval Conference
• The Four-Power Treaty signed by the United States, Great Britain, France and Japan at the (1921).
• By the Four-Power Treaty, all parties agreement to maintain the status quo in the Pacific– respecting the Pacific holdings of the other countries – not seeking further territorial expansion– mutual consultation with each other in the event of
a dispute over territorial possessions
Washington Naval Conference
Tonnage limitations
Capital ships Aircraft carriers
British Empire 525,000 tons 135,000 tons
United States 525,000 tons 135,000 tons
Japan 315,000 tons 81,000 tons
France 175,000 tons 60,000 tons
Italy 175,000 tons 60,000 tons
Kellogg-Briand Pact
• The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense
• It made no provisions for sanctions.
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