tests back chapter 11. no distance short distance long distance

AP BiologyTests back Chapter 11

Cell Communication

No Distance

Short Distance

Long Distance

Signal Transduction Pathway

1. Messenger

2. Receptor

3. Transduction

4. Secondary Messengers

5. Cell Targets

AP Biology- take out notes and Study guides

Signal Transduction Pathway

Effects of Changes in Pathways

Signal Disruption Pathways

Disruptions

Poison Diabetes

Cell Division Ch. 12

• Cell division- reproduction of cells• Cell cycle- life of cell• Chromosomes- DNA in packed structures• Chromatin- DNA and proteins• Somatic cells- # of chromosomes per body

cell (all except reproductive) • Gametes- reproductive cells (half of the

somatic #)• Sister Chromatids- duplicated chromosome

joined by centromere

• Mitosis- division of genetic material• Cytokinesis- division of cytoplasm• Animals – cleavage furrow• Plants – Cell plate

Phases of Cell Cycle

Cleavage VS Plate

Binary Fission

• Binary Fission- Division in half (prokaryotes)

•Origin of Replication

Cell Cycle Control System

• Cell cycle is regulated by internal and external signals

• Checkpoint- control point where stop and go signals occur• G1

• S• G2

• G0

Cyclin and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

• Protein kinases are enzymes that activate or inactivate proteins by phosphorylating them

• To be activated the kinase must be attached to a cyclin

• Because these kinases are dependent upon attachment of cyclin they are known as cyclin-dependent kinases or Cdks.

• Cells respond to • “maturation-promoting factors” this is what triggers the cell’s passage past each checkpoint•Growth hormone•Density-dependent inhibition-

Uncontrolled cell growth-