terrains of chile 2

Terrains of Chile

Chile

more than 2 million km2

It extends in 3 continents

Oceania

America

Antartica

Chile

Varity :

Landscapes

Climates

Vegetation

• Continental Chile:

• 17º 30' y 56º 30' de Latidude South

• 70º de Longitud West

Chile: Varity of Landscapes

-North to South

-East to West

Terrains from North to West

Costal plains

Costal Mountain Range

Intermediate depression

The Andes Mountain Range

Patagonia Plateau

Costal Plains

Costal plains

Costal Mountain Range

• Pacific to Costal Mountains

• From far north to Chiloé

Costal Mountain Range

Costal Mountain Range

• Extends from S of Arica

• To The channels Of The Aysen Region

• Length, width and Height is lower than The Andes.

Intermediate Depression

Costal Mountain Range

Intermediate depression

The Andes Mountain Range

• Located between the two mountains

• From far north to Puerto Montt

• Large part of the population live here

Andes Mountain Range

The Andes Mountain Range

Starts in Venezuela and ends in Antartica.

Highest points are in The North

Decreases to the south

Landscapes East to west

Andes Intermediate

depression Costal Range

Costal Plains

Chile´s Natural Regions

Divisions based on Natural Features

Far North

Near North

Central

South and Far

South

Investigation

Terrain

Topographic Profile

Climate and Hydrology

Population

Culture

Natural resources: mining, forestry, Agriculture,

and Livestock

Investigation: Groups

FAR NORTH- Terrains from east to west

FAR NORTH

COSTAL PLAINS

Not continuous

Most people live here

Big cities

coast: Cliffs/ rocky beaches/ sandy beaches

Fishing and Mining towns

FAR NORTH

COSTAL MOUNTAIN RANGE

Starts South of Arica

Costal cliff 100 m. ends in the

ocean

FAR NORTH

INTERMEDIATE DEPRESSION

Pampas

Basins separated by streams

FAR NORTH

ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE

Natural border Chile/ Bolivia & Argentina

Divides climates

Tall peaks average: 1000m.

Volcanic activity

Source of: water and minerals

Altiplano: 4000 m

FAR NORTH

ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE

Altiplano: 4000 m

Water in the High Andes Wetlands

Towns agriculture and livestock

Mining Chuquicamata

La Escondida

FAR NORTH- climate

Dry Desert

Coast proximity to the ocean cooler

Pampas temperature is extreme

-12°C to -5°C Below cero cold

36°C to 40°C hot

FAR NORTH- climate

Altiplano Invierno Boliviano

Only in summer

FAR NORTH-Hydrology

Watersheads Arica y Parinacota

Tarapaca

ENDORHEIC

Washbeads Antofagasta

Loa River and Copiapó River

ARHEIC

This means that the bodies of water don´t reach the ocean

This means that there are no streams or rivers

FAR NORTH-Hydrology

ENDORHEIC

Exception Río Lluta

This means that the bodies of water don´t reach the ocean

FAR NORTH-Hydrology

Other rivers Loa and Copiapó

FAR NORTH-Hydrology-altiplano

Altiplano rivers areformed by melting of

snow and rainfall

small and not long

Lauca Isluga

FAR NORTH-Hydrology-altiplano

Altiplano lakes, lagoons & salt flats

Atacama Salt Flat

FAR NORTH- Population

First human settlements

Chinchorro people known for their mummifying

technique

FAR NORTH- Population

Atacama

Chango

Aymara largest group / influences until today

Atacameños Chango Aymara

FAR NORTH- Population

19th century mining

Employment and population increases in the

pampas

Nitrate (salitre)

FAR NORTH- Population

Abandoned cities

Important Altiplanic cities:

CALAMA

PUTRE

SAN PEDRO DE ATACAMA

FAR NORTH- festivals

La Tirana

FAR NORTH- Mining

Rich in minerals due to the volcanic activity

Region Metalic Non metalic

Arica y Parinacota Sulfur -Tacora& Chapiquiña

Tarapacá Copper Sagasca Mine

Nitrate (azufre) 19th century Iquique -Humberstone -María Elena Salt Iodine

Antofagasta Copper Chuquicamata Mantos Blancos La Escondida Iron: -El Laco Silver: -La Sierra -Gloria del Juncal

Lithium Atacama Salt Flat Iodine

FAR NORTH- Ocean resources

Cold current from the Artic Oxygen & nutrients

Diverse ecosystems

Industrial Fishing Artisanal fishing

Tarapacá region : Iquique Fishmeal Also: Arica, Tocopilla, Mejillones & Antofagasta

Fish and seafood

FAR NORTH- Land resources

Agriculture Livestock Forestry

-Vineyards -citrus fruits -olives -oilseed -early produce: e.g tomatoes (before the can be harvested in Central Chile) Inca techniques: -Terraced fields -Irrigation ditches

Altiplano -Alpacas -Llamas

Reforestation: -Tamarugo Trees

NEAR NORTH- Terrains from east to west

NEAR NORTH

COSTAL PLAINS

Erosion due to the rain in the Andes

Expansive white sand beaches

No volcanic activity

Most Human settlements

NEAR NORTH

COSTAL MOUNTAIN RANGE

Altitude decreases from North to South

Highes peaks are in this zone Valparaiso

Fray Jorge National Park

NEAR NORTH

INTERMEDIATE DEPRESSION

Transverse Valleys

Costal Mountains join the Andes

Favorable conditions for Agriculture

Elqui Valley

NEAR NORTH

ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE

No volcanic activity

High peaks

Altiplano disapears (in Atacama)

Parallel mountain ranges:

- Domeyko

-Claudio Gay

Paso Aguas Negras Chile-Argentina border

NEAR NORTH- CLIMATE

Warm steppe or semiarid climate

Three important climatic phenomena:

-Camanchaca humid transverse valleys

-increase precipitation

decrease temperature

-variation of rainfall Reservoirs store water

NEAR NORTH-Hydrology

Watersheads EXORHEIC

Mixed regime rivers -rainfall

- snow melting

Amount of water varies amount of rainfall

Rivers form great canyons when they get to the

costal mountain range

This means that the bodies of water reach the ocean

Choapa River

FAR NORTH- Population

Concentrated in the Regional capitals and the

coast

Work in mining, tourism, farming and livestock

La Serena Coquimbo

NEAR NORTH- Culture

Gabriela Mistral´s birthplace Vicuña

Natural Heritage Desierto florido

CENTRAL CHILE- Terrains from east to west

CENTRAL CHILE

COSTAL PLAINS

Formed by the erosion of the Andes Mountains

Sand Wide extensive plains

Favorable locations for Cities: Valparaiso and

Concepción

Planis are largest Maipo & Rapel rivers

Maule region Plains and cliffs

get narrow

Pichilemu 6TH Region

CENTRAL CHILE

COSTAL MOUNTAIN RANGE

Tallest peaks are found in this area

Altos del Cantillana 2,318 m.

Eroded by rivers

Nahuelbuta Mountain Range

-Bio Bio & Imperial River

-1000m average

CENTRAL CHILE

INTERMEDIATE DEPRESSION

Two types of landscapes

-Basins Chacabuco R. & Pelequén

Santiago

Rancagua

- Intermediate depression

Pelequen Reloncavi Sound Pto. Montt

Poplated cities Santaigo

CENTRAL CHILE

INTERMEDIATE DEPRESSION

Soil is the most fertile in Chile

Cuenca of Santiago

CENTRAL CHILE

Andes Mountain Range

Very Tall Aconcagua 6,962 m (In Argentina)

Has more than 3,000 volcanos fertile soil

CENTRAL CHILE

ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE

Volcanoes in Metropolitan Region

Tupungato & Tupungatito

San José

Maipo Tupungatito

CENTRAL CHILE - Isla de Pascua

Rapa Nui

Volcanic Island

Belongs to the Valparaiso Region

3,600 km from Chile Chilean Oceania

In front of Caldera in the Atacama Region

Rapa Nui

CENTRAL CHILE - Climate

Temperate climate

difference between seasons

-southern part of C.Chile rainier and cold

-coast semiarid /rainfall & cloudy

Warm costal desert

-Temperatures are lower Humboldt Current

- Inner part mediterranean steppe

Hot dry summers /rainfall during winter

CENTRAL CHILE Climate

Humboldt costal current

Valparaiso region : Punta de Tralca Semiarid / costal desert

CENTRAL CHILE - Hydrography

Rivers exorheic reach the ocean

Mixed regime rainfall

Melted snow

Between Metropolitan & O´Higgings

volume of water increases Snowmelt

Maule river

Itata river volume of water increases rainfall

Bio Bío river

CENTRAL CHILE Hydrography

Mouth of Maipo River Mouth of Bio Bio river

CENTRAL CHILE - Climate

Most densely populated

1st Metropolitan Region 6 million

2nd Bio Bio Region 1.5 million

Valparaiso Region 1.5 million

phenomena:

-aging population

- urbanization

Urban population of Santiago

CENTRAL CHILE - Mining

7th region of Maule

8th Region of Araucanía

Region of Los Ríos

Non metalic : Calcium,carbonate, quartz,

barite, iron oxide, pumice rock, salt.

Almost no mines

Valparaiso Metropolitan O´Higgins

Copper: -Andina Mine -Río Blanco Mine

Copper: -Los Bronces

Copper: -El Teniente

CENTRAL CHILE - Land resources

Traditional Chilean countryside

High quality soil & plenty water

Polyculture/ monoculture/ profitable crops

Agriculture Livestock Forestry

-Valparaiso: -Vinetards -Avocado -Fruits & vegetables -O'Higgins: -Cereal -Vinetards -Flowers -Fruits & vegetables -Maule -Vinetards -Bio Bio : every type of production.

-Cattle milk and meat -Swine meat -Poulty eggs and meat

-Bio Bio Cellulose paper Valparaiso: cellulose &logs -Eucalyptus -Pine -Poplar (alamo)

CENTRAL CHILE - Ocean Resources

Industrial Fishing Artisanal fishing

-San Antonio V Region -Talcahuano VIII Region -Concepción VIII Region

-Pichilemu VI Region -Cobquecura VIII Region -Constitución VII Region

Talcahuano Cobquecura

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Terrains

COSTAL PLAINS

- discontinuous

-alternating terrain

- Araucanía almost no beaches

rocky coastlines

-Valdivia & Pto. Montt wider costal plains

Maullin Plains

- Costal plains in Chiloé

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Terrains

COSTAL PLAINS

- Aysen Region Glaciers that can reach the sea

- Costal plains reappear Straight of Magellan

San Rafael Glacier

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Terrains

COSTAL MOUNTAIN RANGE

After Nahuelbuta range it is intermittent

eroded hills

Has different names Pelada

Mahuidanchi

Pichuquen

Range disappears Taitao Peninsula

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Terrains

Range disappears Taitao Peninsula

,

Caleta Tortel, Taitao Peninsula

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Terrains

INTERMEDIATE DEPRESSION

Ends in Reloncaví Sound

Submerged in the ocean

Reapears in Chiloé where it definitely ends

Lakes formed by glaciers

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Terrains

ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE

Lower height erosion

Highest peaks are volcanic

After Reloncaví Sound divides:

- east Patagonian ice fields

- west Chilean oceanic

Volcanic

Fjords valleys carved out by glaciers

North South

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Terrains

Andes Mountain Range: Patagonia range

North Ice fields (campos de hielo norte)

Glacier Pio XI North Ice Fields Biggert reserve of water in continental Chile

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Terrains

Fjords

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Terrains

ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE

Punta Arenas & Pto. Williams

almost disappears

Serrano Mountain Range

Puerto Williams

Punta Arenas

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Terrains

ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE

Mountain ranges west and east unite and

reappear in The Antarctica

Mount Vinson, Antarctica

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Patagonia

Vast plain

Extends from Reloncaví Sound

End of continental Chile

Divided between Chile and Argentina

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Coal

Strait of Magellan Drake Sea

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Patagonia

Strait of Magellan Drake Sea

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Cimate

Depends on many factors

Aysen Region

Patagonian Andes climatic wall

- Some places are good for humans & Agriculture

- Some places have strong snowstorms and rain

Palena ( In front of Chiloé) Mild climate

Patagonia cold steppe + rainfall

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH-Climate

Temperature decreases with height

Torres del Paine

Lower warmer

Higher cooler

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- Climate

In the Antarctica the climate is polar

Summer temperatures are rarely over 0°C

More than 1 meter of snow each year

Villa Las Estrellas Chilean Antartica Population: 51 people

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH-Hydrography

Between

-Imperial River & Chacao Channel 9th to 10th Regions

- The amount of water in the river depends on

the rainfall

Crossing the Chacao Channel from Puerto Montt to Chiloé

Río Bueno, Los Ríos Region

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH-Hydrography

Patagonia rivers originate in the east

From Glaciers

Río Baker, Aysen

Queualt Glacier, Aysen

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH-Population

Less population

- Unfavorable terrain

-Climate

-Lack of employment

Los Ríos & Los Lagos Regions 1/3 rural population

Urban population:

- Valdivia

-Osorno

- Puerto Montt

Osorno, Los Lagos Region

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH-Hydrography

Most of the cities in the south were created

because of economic activities

Puerto Natales

Punta Arenas

Extraction of petrol, gas and coal

Puerto Natales, Magallanes Region

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH-Mining

●

Araucanía IX Los Ríos XIV Los Lagos X

Magallanes XII Aysen XI

-not all are profitable Working: -Coal mine Marfil Mine IX Region -Clay Osorno -Cancagua & sandstone in the Reloncaví Sound

-Oil reserves (not enough for national needs) -gas -pete -Coal Puerto Natales: -gold -lead -copper

-Deposits of -Gold --aluminum -Silver -Copper

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH-Land Resources

Distributed in the region depending on specific

needs

Places with low population and a lot of land

Sheep in Aysen Region

Cattle in Pto. Natales, Magallanes Region

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH-Land & ocean resources

●

Agriculture Livestock Forestry

Araucanía IX Los Lagos X Industrial farms: -oilseed -wheat -grassland Magallanes Greenhouse prodiction

Los Ríos XIV Los Lagos X -Cattle -Sheep -Poultry -Swine -Aysen XI -Cattle -Magallanes XII -Sheep

- Native forests in all the region.

Ocean Salmon & seafood cultivation in Los Lagos & Aysen Crab & other shellfish in Punta Arenas - Industrial fisging

SOUTH AND FAR SOUTH- SOUTH-Land & ocean resources

Salmon cultivation in Cochamó, Los Lagos region.

Crab extracion in Punta Arenas, Magallanes Region