tc fundamentals 2011 grd basic selection and application (1)

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Basic Selection & Proper Application

of Overhead Air Distribution Devices

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GRD Selection & Application

• Terms

• Selection

 – Throw – Sound

• Installation Variations affect Performance

• Inlet Effects

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Basics

Coanda

Total

Air 

Primary Air 

Induced

Room Air 

Entrained

Room Air 

Return Air 

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Basics

•  ASHRAE Standard 70-2006

 – Standard Defines Testing Procedures,

Spaces, and Equipment

 – Isothermal Testing

 – Non-Turbulent, Smooth Inlet Conditions

 – Obtain Catalog Data

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Selection – Throw

1) Throw – Distance to a specified Vt

2) Terminal Velocity (Vt) – Maximum

airstream velocity at the end of a throw.

50 fpm TV

100 fpm TV150 fpm TV

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Selection – Throw

• Outlet Patterns – 150 cfm – 6” Inlet

Plaque-  6’

Slot -  19’ Slot -  29’

Perf -  10’Louver

Face -  16’

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Selection – Throw

• 380 cfm, 10” Neck, 700 fpm, T50

10‟ Square Cone

9‟ Round Cone

14‟ 4 Way - Perf Curved Vane

33‟ 1 Way - Perf Curved Vane

24‟ 4 Way - Louver Face

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Selection – Throw

• Deflection and Spread

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Selection – Throw

• Throw Boundaries – Mapping

Vt Maximum of 75 fpm

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Selection – Throw

Tested in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 70-2006 “Method ofTesting for Performance of Air Outlets and Inlets.”

Radii of diffusion are given in feet to terminal velocities of 150 fpm (minimum),100 fpm (middle) and 50 fpm (maximum).

Throw data is based on supply air and room air being at isothermal conditions.

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Selection – Throw

• Non-Isothermal Effects

 Adjust Throw at V t = 50 fpm

1% Per° F of Differential 

Cooling Heating

Horizontal   – +

Vertical +   –

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Selection – Throw

• Exposed Mount vs. Surface Mount

Exposed MountReduce Throw

30%

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• Locate in from wall

• Discharge to perimeter • Generally slot diffusers

• Cooling Airflow – 50 fpm at

floor 

• Heating Airflow – 50 fpm at2/3 down the wall

Heating & Cooling w/ OHAD

Selection – Throw

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Selection – Throw

• Obstructions

 – Air jet will typically remain on surface, if angle

created by the ceiling, diffuser, and bottom of

obstruction is <10°. – From testing, angle can be as great as 15°.

<10°

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Selection – Sound

• Catalog Data

 – NC Rating

•  Average Room Size

• Distance from Source

 – Assumes 10 dB Room Absorption

 – Single Diffuser or Standard Length

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Selection – Sound

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Selection – Sound

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Selection – Sound

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24” x 24” Diffuser, 380cfm, 700 fpm Neck Velocity

3-21

Selection – Sound

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NC 45

3-22

Selection – Sound

NC 37

NC 36NC 31

1 - 1”Slot, 4‟, 270cfm, 800 fpm Neck Velocity

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3-23

Installation – Sound

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3-24

Installation – Sound

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Balancing Dampers

• Some outlets cataloged with damper in open position

• Sound Increase depends on:

 – damper design

 – ratio of throttled pressure over cataloged pressure drop

3-25

Installation – Sound

Pressure Ratio 1.5 2 3 4

dB/NC Increase 4 6 13 18

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Damper Location

Pressure Ratio = 2

(normal pressure

drop X 2)

3-26

Installation – Sound

0 dB

+ 3 dB

+ 9 dB

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 ASHRAE Standard 70 – Throw Room

• Measurements taken in a „Standard Test Room‟

 – Height => 9‟

 – Minimum Length = 24‟

 – Minimum Width = 18‟

 –  All lights and windows shall be flush to the surface they

are attached.

 –  Air exhausted away from supply path.

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• 2 Different Types of Test Ducts

 – Large Pressurized plenum

 – 3 Diameters Straight duct•  Air outlet device is to receive uniformly

distributed air from the supply duct.

 ASHRAE Standard 70 – Inlet Conditions

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Effect of Inlet Conditions on Throw

• Test Standard Installation

 – Repeatable, uniform throw distances

 – Repeatable, drop

 – Repeatable, discharge pattern

• Hard 90 Degree Elbow

• Flex Duct 90 Degree Elbow

• Radial Opposed Blade Damper • Butterfly Damper 

• Bowtie Damper 

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 A “Special” Field Installation

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More Poor Workmanship Examples

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Louver Face Ceiling Diffuser 

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L F C ili Diff

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Louver Face Ceiling Diffuser - Test Standard Installation

350 CFM

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Louver Face Ceiling Diffuser - Hard 90 Degree Elbow

350 CFM

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Louver Face Ceiling Diffuser - Flex Duct 90 Degree Elbow

350 CFM

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 AHHHH!! FLEX MONSTER!!

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Louver Face Ceiling Diffuser

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Louver Face Ceiling Diffuser  -

Butterfly Damper 

350 CFM  – Damper set for 0.25 inches of water 

L F C ili Diff

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Louver Face Ceiling Diffuser  -

Bowtie Damper 

350 CFM  – Damper set for 0.25 inches of water 

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More Poor Workmanship Examples

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Plaque Ceiling Diffuser 

C ff

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Plaque Ceiling Diffuser 

Pl C ili Diff

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Plaque Ceiling Diffuser 

Plaque Ceiling Diffuser

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Plaque Ceiling Diffuser - Test Standard Installation

350 CFM

Plaque Ceiling Diffuser

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Plaque Ceiling Diffuser - Hard 90 Degree Elbow

350 CFM

Plaque Ceiling Diffuser

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Plaque Ceiling Diffuser - Flex Duct 90 Degree Elbow

350 CFM

Plaque Ceiling Diffuser

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Plaque Ceiling Diffuser - Radial Opposed Blade Damper 

350 CFM  – Damper set for 0.25 inches of water 

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Plaque Ceiling Diffuser

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Plaque Ceiling Diffuser - Bowtie Damper 

350 CFM  – Damper set for 0.25 inches of water 

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Ceiling Slot Diffuser 

Square Plenum

Sloped Plenum

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Ceiling Slot Diffuser 

Ceiling Slot Diffuser

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Ceiling Slot Diffuser

- Test Standard Installation

350 CFM with straight plenum

350 CFM with sloped plenum

Ceiling Slot Diffuser

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Ceiling Slot Diffuser- Hard 90 Degree Elbow

350 CFM with straight plenum

350 CFM with sloped plenum

Ceiling Slot Diffuser

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g- Flex Duct 90 Degree Elbow

350 CFM with straight plenum

350 CFM with sloped plenum

Ceiling Slot Diffuser

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Ceiling Slot Diffuser- Radial Opposed Blade Damper 

350 CFM with straight plenum (dpr set to .25inWC)

350 CFM with sloped plenum

(dpr set to .25inWC)

Ceiling Slot Diffuser

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g- Butterfly Damper 

350 CFM with straight plenum (dpr set to .25inWC)

350 CFM with sloped plenum

(dpr set to .25inWC)

C ili Sl t Diff

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Ceiling Slot Diffuser- Bowtie Damper 

350 CFM with straight plenum (dpr set to .25inWC)

350 CFM with sloped plenum(dpr set to .25inWC)

W k hi C t !

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Workmanship Counts!

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Sidewall Grille Video (12X6)

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Sidewall Grille Video (12X6)

0 Dia 1 Dia

2 Dia 3 Dia

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GRD Selection & Application

• Terms

• Selection

 – Throw

 – Sound

• Installation Variations affect Performance

• Inlet Effects