tailoring innovation to achieve financially-viable energy ... · management fact sheet: energy...

Tailoring Innovation to Achieve Financially-Viable Energy and Nutrient Recovery from Wastewater

Jeremy Guest Assistant Professor Civil & Environmental Engineering 3221 Newmark Civil Engineering Lab jsguest@illinois.edu

Government Affairs Conference IWEA

January 23, 2015

create perceived value with technologies that are:financially viableenergy positivenutrient recoveringsustainableenvironmental, economic, and social capacity to endure

water foodenergy health

Our central goal is to increase access to and the sustainability of sanitation.

We integrate experimentation, modeling, and quantitative sustainable design (QSD) for technology development.

TION M

QUANTITATIVE SUSTAINABLE D

MODEL DEVELOPMENT >> << EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MODELED PERFO

RMANCE >>

<< EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MODEL REFINEMENT >>

TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION

PLATFORM

TION >> << M

ANTITATIVE SUSTAINABLE D

LOPMENT >>

<< EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

MODELED PERFORMANCE >>

RMANCE

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

MODEL DEVELOPMENT >> << EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MODELED PERFO

RMANCE >>

QUANTITATIVE

Guest Research Group

phototrophic

stormwater

drinking water

wastewater

agriculture

existing anaerobic

We integrate experimentation, modeling, and quantitative sustainable design (QSD) for technology development.

wastewater as a renewable resource

elucidating sustainability trade-offs

tailoring innovation

economics engineering environment

Today I’ll focus on QSD and the development of an anaerobic technology.

Treatment plants consume ~1-3% of U.S. electricity to decrease the energetic content of WW.

maps.google.com

~40-115 x 109 MWh/year a

a Based on EPA estimates that include industrial wastewaters [USEPA, Wastewater Management Fact Sheet: Energy Conservation, Office of Water, 2006].b Based on many life cycle assessments that have been completed around the treatment plant itself, normalized to a per capita equivalent based on typical wastewater generation rates.

~0.15-0.30 GJ/capita-year b

~40-80 kWh/capita-year b

R&D on energy production has focused on conversion of organic-C to usable energy.

ASBR - Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor

UASB - Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

ABR - Anaerobic Baffled Reactor

AFB - Anaerobic Fluidized Bed

AnMBR - Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor

MEC - Microbial Electrolysis Cell

MFC - Microbial Fuel Cell

R&D on energy production has focused on conversion of organic-C to usable energy.

[Shoener et al. (2014) Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts; 16(6): 1204-1222]

11[Shoener et al. (2014) Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts; 16(6): 1204-1222]

GJ capita-year

Maximizing nutrient and energy recovery would integrate anaerobic and phototrophic processes.

Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR) can achieve high levels of COD removal.

Existing AnMBR designs could be very expensive and won’t be energy positive.

How do we design and operate an AnMBR to enable affordable, energy positive wastewater treatment?

[Shoener et al. (in preparation)]

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

REACTOR TYPE A

MEMBRANE TYPE C

MEMBRANE MATERIAL D

CONFIGURATION B

Flat Sheet Hollow Fiber

PHYSICAL CLEANING E

AeF or GAC?

GAC dose

Submerged

Cross-flow

Aerobic Filter

Specific Gas Demand

Sparging Frequency

Multi-tube

Cross-flow Velocity

SOLUBLE METHANE MANAGEMENT F

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

Anaerobic Filter

With GAC?

Degassing Membrane

Cross-flow

Submerged

Invalid Design

AF Anaerobic Filter

CS CSTR

No Recovery

REACTOR TYPE A

MEMBRANE TYPE C

MEMBRANE MATERIAL D

CONFIGURATION B

PHYSICAL CLEANING E

AeF or GAC?

GAC dose

Submerged

Cross-flow

Aerobic Filter

Specific Gas Demand

Sparging Frequency

Multi-tube

Cross-flow Velocity

Anaerobic Filter

With GAC?

Degassing Membrane

Cross-flow

Submerged

Invalid Design

AF Anaerobic Filter

CS CSTR

No Recovery

144 discrete designs

infinite number of design and operating conditions

How do we design and operate an AnMBR to enable affordable, energy positive wastewater treatment?

What is sustainable design?“…meets the needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future genera9ons to meet their own needs.”in theory

[World Commission on Environment & Development, 1987]

today future genera/onpast future

decision maker

triple bo4om line (TBL)

decision maker ? environmental

economic

social

func9onal

decision-‐making criteriain prac/ce

economicfunc/onal

We started by developing a qualita/ve planning and design process to address social factors.

environmentalsocial

18[Guest et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (16), 2009]

[Guest et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 43(16), 2009]

[Guest et al., Water Sci. Technol. 61(6), 2010]

The quan/ta/ve backbone of this larger design process can drive technology innova/on.

economicfunc/onal

environmental

19[Guest et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (16), 2009]

social

First, we need to define our design/innovation challenge.

[HRSD]'

Chesapeake(Elizabeth/WWTP/

effluent quality

footprint

operational labor

capital costs

risk[HRSD]'

constraints

[HRSD]'

“minimize cost”

“minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions”

“minimize cost & GHG emissions”

“minimize likelihood of permit violations”

constraintsobjective

risk, water quality, cost, etc.

[HRSD]'

configuration/material 1 configuration/material 2

constraintsobjective

decision variables (DV)discrete

minimize cost & GHG emissions

constraints[HRSD]'

objectivedecision variables (DV)discretecontinuous

configuration/material 1 or 2

internal recycle flow rateQ 4Q

minimize cost & GHG emissions

Sustainable design is a process to navigate trade-offs and set targets under uncertainty.

technology A

select decision variables conceptual/detailed

design of technology

func/onal environmental economic socialperformance feasibility

manageability

local impacts life cycle impacts

life cycle costs stakeholder influence on

decision-‐making

stakeholder+par-cipa-on+

decision+analysis+

B+op-mal+design+

WWTP$designs$

Start with a model to predict the performance of the technology.

func/onal environmental economic social

this can be any kind of process model that predicts performance

We quantify global environmental impacts using life cycle assessment (LCA).

construction operation

We use established cost equations for life cycle costing (LCC).

[U.S.%EPA,%1982]%

cost equations sensitivity & uncertainty analyses

life cycle costs ($)

Designers can also identify tensions and synergies across decision variables.

low high

life cycle costs effluent contaminants

global warming potential

DV 1 DV 1 DV 1

How do we design and operate an AnMBR to be financially viable and environmentally sustainable?

REACTOR TYPE A

MEMBRANE TYPE C

MEMBRANE MATERIAL D

CONFIGURATION B

PHYSICAL CLEANING E

AeF or GAC?

GAC dose

Submerged

Cross-flow

Aerobic Filter

Specific Gas Demand

Sparging Frequency

Multi-tube

Cross-flow Velocity

Anaerobic Filter

With GAC?

Degassing Membrane

Cross-flow

Submerged

Invalid Design

AF Anaerobic Filter

CS CSTR

No Recovery

144 discrete designs

infinite number of design and operating conditions

[Shoener et al. (in preparation)][Pretel et al. (submitted)]

How do we design and operate an AnMBR to be financially viable and environmentally sustainable?

REACTOR TYPE A

MEMBRANE TYPE C

MEMBRANE MATERIAL D

CONFIGURATION B

PHYSICAL CLEANING E

AeF or GAC?

GAC dose

Submerged

Cross-flow

Aerobic Filter

Specific Gas Demand

Sparging Frequency

Multi-tube

Cross-flow Velocity

Anaerobic Filter

With GAC?

Degassing Membrane

Cross-flow

Submerged

Invalid Design

AF Anaerobic Filter

CS CSTR

No Recovery

144 discrete designs infinite number of design and operating conditions

[Shoener et al. (in preparation)] [Pretel et al. (submitted)]

experimentation + modeling

selecting a configuration

developing a detailed design

CH4 N,&P

Anaerobic&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&reactor

SGD MLSS

Energy&recovery&from&biogas&producAon Waste&Sludge&transport&

and&disposal Nutrient&recovery Energy&recovery&

from&soluble&CH4

Qinfluent&+Qrecycling

&&&&Qrecycling Qinfluent

Qwaste

Qeffluent

[13Q70]&days [0.5Q8]& [0.05Q0.3]&m3Wm2WhQ1& [80Q120]&%& [5Q25]&gWLQ1&

LEGEND&

ConAnous&decision&variables

Discrete&decision&variables

Process&

Membrane&tank

Bench scale reactors were run at KAUST the Urbana WWTP, a pilot-scale system was operated at Carraixet WWTP (Valencia, Spain).

Photo by Na Kyung Kim, UIUC

CH4 N,&P

SGD MLSS

from&soluble&CH4

Qwaste

Qeffluent

LEGEND&

Process&

Membrane&tank

[Ruth Pretel Jolis]

Experimental data was leveraged to predict the design of full-scale systems.

CH4 N,&P

SGD MLSS

from&soluble&CH4

Qwaste

Qeffluent

LEGEND&

Process&

Membrane&tank

When every design is evaluated under uncertainty, we identify which configurations should be pursued.

Once we identify a configuration, the relative importance of detailed design & operational decisions.

[Pretel et al. (submitted)]

MLSS mixed liquor suspended solids

SRT solids residence time

r internal recycle ratio

J membrane flux

SGD specific gas demand

Once we identify a configuration, the relative importance of detailed design & operational decisions.

Through QSD identify tensions and synergies in design, enabling us to navigate trade-offs.

This enables utilities to identify financially viable and environmentally sustainable technologies and designs.

experimentation + modeling

selecting a configuration

developing a detailed design

CH4 N,&P

SGD MLSS

from&soluble&CH4

Qwaste

Qeffluent

LEGEND&

Process&

Membrane&tank

This enables utilities to identify financially viable and environmentally sustainable technologies and designs.

CH4 N,&P

SGD MLSS

from&soluble&CH4

Qwaste

Qeffluent

LEGEND&

Process&

Membrane&tank

REACTOR TYPE A

MEMBRANE TYPE C

MEMBRANE MATERIAL D

CONFIGURATION B

PHYSICAL CLEANING E

AeF or GAC?

GAC dose

Submerged

Cross-flow

Aerobic Filter

Specific Gas Demand

Sparging Frequency

Multi-tube

Cross-flow Velocity

Anaerobic Filter

With GAC?

Degassing Membrane

Cross-flow

Submerged

Invalid Design

AF Anaerobic Filter

CS CSTR

No Recovery

In conclusion, leveraging quantitative sustainable design can enable strategic technology innovation.

[HRSD]'

- identify needs- identify technology alternatives- navigate trade-offs- identify opportunities for innovation Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

REACTOR TYPE A

MEMBRANE TYPE C

MEMBRANE MATERIAL D

CONFIGURATION B

PHYSICAL CLEANING E

AeF or GAC?

GAC dose

Submerged

Cross-flow

Aerobic Filter

Specific Gas Demand

Sparging Frequency

Multi-tube

Cross-flow Velocity

Anaerobic Filter

With GAC?

Degassing Membrane

Cross-flow

Submerged

Invalid Design

AF Anaerobic Filter

CS CSTR

No Recovery

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