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Alexandria Engineering Journal (2016) xxx, xxx–xxx
HO ST E D BY
Alexandria University
Alexandria Engineering Journal
www.elsevier.com/locate/aejwww.sciencedirect.com
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Substitution of the natural sand by crystallized slag
of blast furnace in the composition of concrete
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: senani_meriem@hotmail.fr (M. Senani), Ferhoune.
noureddine@gmail.com (N. Ferhoune), guettalas@yahoo.fr
(A. Guettala).
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.05.0061110-0168 � 2016 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: M. Senani et al., Substitution of the natural sand by crystallized slag of blast furnace in the composition of concrete, AlexandJ. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.05.006
Meriem Senani a, Noureddine Ferhoune b,*, Abdelhamid Guettala a
aUniversity of Mohamed Khider Biskra, AlgeriabCivil Engineering, University of Larbi Ben M’hidi, Algeria
Received 16 December 2015; revised 28 April 2016; accepted 4 May 2016
KEYWORDS
Concrete sand slag;
Crystallized sand slag;
Mechanical performance;
Durability
Abstract In this study, we sought to use the crystallized sand slag of blast furnace in the produc-
tion of ordinary concrete. The natural sand is substitute totally or partially by the crystallized sand
slag in the composition of concrete. The characterization of these concretes was made based on their
mechanical properties: compressive strength, tensile strength as well as durability: capillary, absorp-
tion of water and shrinkage. The experimental results of concrete that is the natural sand is replaced
partially or completely by crystallized sand slag were compared with experimental results of ordi-
nary concrete. Results show that the percentages of crystallized sand slag on the composition of
concrete have an important effect on the mechanical proprieties of concrete. The comparison of dif-
ferent characteristics of the study in this work shows the benefits of use of crystallized sand slag in
the composition of concrete compared with ordinary concrete, which confirms the possibility to use
the crystallized sand slag in the manufacturing of concrete.� 2016 Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction
Crystallized slag (slag is air cooled in this study) from blast fur-nace of the El Hadjar steel complex, Algeria, can be identified
as a new building material in the preparation of concrete. Theuses of industrial waste as a substitute material helps save alarge share of natural resources and protect the environment.
The crystallized slag was used as an aggregate in the composi-tion of concrete core of rectangular thin welded steel tubes
subjected to axial or eccentric load performed by Ferhouneand Zeghiche [1–3]. The crystallized slag aggregate was usedalso in the manufacturing of concrete in the composite stubs
with I shaped steel section study by Zeghiche [4]. The concretesand slag has not fact object a comprehensive study to identifyits different properties. A Few studies have been made on thecharacterization of this concrete [5–11]; for this, we conducted
a comparative study between concretes containing crystallizedsand slag (named in this paper concrete sand slag) and ordi-nary concrete. In this work, we have characterized the different
mechanical proprieties and study the durability of concretesand slag, and compared theme to the performance of ordinaryconcrete.
ria Eng.
2 M. Senani et al.
2. Materials characterization
2.1. Cement and water
The cement used in this study is commercial Portland (CEMII) class 42.5 MPa from cement factory of hadjar elsoud skikda
(Algeria) obtained by mixing 85% clinker and 15% of slag as amineral addition. The chemical and mineralogical composi-tions of the cement are presented in Table 1. The apparent den-
sity of cement used in the manufacturing of concrete is1260 kg/m3, its specific density is 3000 kg/m3, and the finenessmeasured of this cement is between 3200 and 3400 cm2/g. Thewater used in the composition of concrete study in this work is
tap water at a temperature of 20 ± 2 �C. Its quality conformsto the requirements of standard NFP 18-404.
2.2. Sand
The sand used (0/2.5 mm) in this study is from tebessa quarry(algeria), and crystallized slag sand (0/3.15 mm) from blast fur-
nace of the El Hadjar steel complex, Algeria. The chemical com-positions and the physical properties of the sands are presentedin Tables 2 and 3. All properties were measured by following
standards NF P18-553, NF P18-555, NF P18-597 NF P18-598, and NF P18-560. The morphologies and grading curvesof the different sands before and after correction are given inFig. 1.
2.3. Gravel
We used fractions of crushed stone (5/12.5 mm) from the Souk
Ahras region (Algeria). The Apparent density measured is1300.0 kg/m3, the specific density is 2500 kg/m3 and coefficientof Los Angeles is equal to 23.04% (hard). The properties were
measured by NF P18-560, NF P18-554, and NF P18-573. Thegrading curves of the gravels are given in Fig. 1.
2.4. Mineral addition
In this study, we used slag which was essentially obtained bygrinding by-products of the industry of blast furnace steelEl-Hadjar (Algeria). The compositions and physical properties
of the addition are shown in Tables 4 and 5. We did the
Table 1 Chemical and mineralogical composition of the
cement in percentage.
Chemical
composition of
the cement
Percentage Mineralogical
composition of the
cement
Percentage
CaO 56–63 C3S 50–65
Al2O3 4–6 C2S 10–25
SiO2 19–27 C3A 9–12
Fe2O3 2.5–3.5 C4AF 7–11
MgO 1–2
Na2O 0.1–0.6
K2O 0.3–0.6
Cl� 0–0.2
SO3 2–3
CaO 0.5–2.5
Please cite this article in press as: M. Senani et al., Substitution of the natural sand byJ. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.05.006
comparison between physical proprieties of slag and cementwhich is that the slag fineness is greater than that of cement.
2.5. Absolute density and bulk density of crystallized slag
The density is determined using the standard NF EN 12350-6,and the bulk density of the crystallized slag depends on the
cooling conditions. In this study we have used a crystallizedslag air cooled, the bulk density obtained is 1.22 g/cm3 andthe absolute density determinate according to the French stan-
dard cited previously is about 2.8 g/cm3.
2.6. Porosity and water absorption of crystallized slag
The porosity is defined as the percentage of voids in the aggre-gate unit volume, the value of porosity determinate in the caseof slag used in this study is about 17%. The water absorptionof slag depending on porosity and dimension of the capillary
channels, the percentage of water absorption by capillarityafter three hours is found equal to 3.44%.
3. Concrete mix design
Concrete mixes containing either natural or crystallized slagsands were studied and compared. Three different mix designs
were investigated for the concrete with natural and crystallizedslag sand (Fig. 2). The first of these was a control mix and didnot contain any granulated blast furnace slag, and is desig-
nated by BO. Two of the mixes contained 100% replacementof natural sand with crystallized slag sand which is designatedby BSI and one contained 28% natural sand and 72% crystal-
lized slag sand, which is designated by BSII. The complete pro-portions for the mixes BO, BSI, BSII are given in Table 6.
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Concrete slump
The test of concrete slump was performed in accordance withstandard NFP18-451. The experimental concrete slump wasevaluated by measuring the slump of the fresh concrete with
an Abrams cone (Fig. 3). The three types of concrete concreteBO, BSI slag sand concrete, and slag concrete BSII are formu-lated with a plastic consistency, with a slump of about 60 mm
with an error of ±1 mm. Fig. 4 shows the different results ofreal and calculated water/cement ration of three types of con-crete study here. The ratio water/cement is quasi-proportional
and can be explained by the cavities found in crystallized slagwhich absorbs water.
4.2. Density
The search for a high compactness or density is justified tohave good mechanical properties. The density is determinedusing the standard NF EN 12350-6, as for a conventional con-
crete, and the density of slag sand concrete depends on its for-mulation and its implementation. Normally density obtainedon wet concrete is equal or greater than 2.4. The density
obtained for the three concretes studied here, is 2.55 for BOconcrete, and is equal to 2.529 for BSI concrete, and finally
crystallized slag of blast furnace in the composition of concrete, Alexandria Eng.
Table 2 Physical properties of sands.
Sand type Apparent density
(kg/m3)
Specific density
(kg/m3)
Porosity in
percentage
Fines Modulus
(M.F)
Water content in
percentage
Sand equivalent in
percentage
Dune sand (0/2.5 mm) 1610 2650 40 2.21 90.52
Crystallized sand slag
(0/3.15 mm)
1570 2630 41 3.1 0.35 88.52
Table 3 Physical properties of gravel.
Gravel type Apparent density
(kg/m3)
Specific density
(kg/m3)
Porosity in
percentage
Water content in
percentage
Cleanness
value
Absorption coefficient in
percentage
Gravel (5/
12.5 mm)
1300 2500 48 0.79 2 2.55
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27
siev
es in
per
cent
age
diameter of sieve in mm
sand 0/2.5
gravel 5/12.5
slag 0/3.15
Figure 1 Grading curves of gravels.
Table 4 Chemical composition of the addition in percentage.
CaO Al2O3 SiO2 Fe2O3 MgO Na2O K2O Cl� SO3
40.69 8.17 34.41 4.15 4.56 0.10 0.89 0.01 0.36
Table 5 Physical properties of the addition.
Addition type Slag
Bulk density (kg/m3) 1257
Absolute density (kg/m3) 2955.3
Fineness (cm2/g) 5501.9
Substitution of the natural sand by crystallized slag 3
2.455 for BSII concrete. The results of density obtained in thisstudy are shown in Fig. 5.
4.3. Compressive strengths
The compressive strengths are estimated on cubic samples ofconcrete with dimension (100 � 100 � 100 mm3). The charac-
terization of the compressive strengths of concrete was carriedout in 28 days; using a 500 kN compressive hydraulic testingmachine. The value of the considered compressive strengthconstitutes the average of the results from six specimens. The
Please cite this article in press as: M. Senani et al., Substitution of the natural sand byJ. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.05.006
compression test was conducted in accordance with standardNF P 18-406. Results show that the compressive strength of
concrete BO and BSI is a bit higher than that of concretemix BSII, and this can be explained by the best bindingpaste-granulate and the surface texture of the aggregate used
in manufacturing BO and BSI concrete. The decrease rate ofcompressive strength of concrete BSII at 28 days comparedto two other concrete studies in this work is between 3%
and 4%. The evaluation of the compressive strength of three
crystallized slag of blast furnace in the composition of concrete, Alexandria Eng.
Figure 2 Concrete specimens.
Table 6 The mix proportions and properties.
Compositions Unit BO BSI BSII
Cement CPJ 42.5 kg/m3 350 300 300
Water/Cement calculated – 0.5 0.81 0.61
Water/Cement real – 0.55 0.88 0.88
Sand Dune 0/2.5 kg/m3 725.59 – 500
Slag granulated 0/3.15 kg/m3 – 1540 1275
Gravel 5/12.5 kg/m3 1070.67 – –
Figure 3 Concrete slump test.
0.5
0.81
0.610.55
0.88 0.88
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91
B.O BSI BSII
W/C calculated W/C real
Concrete type
Wat
er/
Cem
ent r
a�o
Figure 4 Variation of water/cement ratio of different concrete
type.
2.32 2.2852.4552.55 2.529 2.455
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
B.O BSI BSII
Theore�cal Real
concete type
dens
ity K
g/m
3
Figure 5 Density of different concretes.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
714286090120
BO BSI BSII
Com
pres
sive
stre
ngth
MPa
�me in days
Figure 6 Compressive strength of concrete.
4 M. Senani et al.
types of concrete studied here was found proportional to thetime of conservation, and the compressive strength begins tostabilize after 90 days of conservation as shown in Fig. 6.
4.4. Tensile strength
The Tensile strength is determined using the standard BS 1881
(Fig. 7). The splitting tensile strengths of the concrete mixesare compared in Fig. 8. The results obtained show that the lar-gest recorded value of the tensile strength is that of concrete
BSI whose natural sand is completely replaced by the sand slagin the composition. The tensile strength increase for mix BSI
Please cite this article in press as: M. Senani et al., Substitution of the natural sand byJ. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.05.006
compared to that of mix BO is almost 100%; this can beexplained by a significant percentage of iron in sand slag(paste-granulate content 100% of sand slag), that can
absorbed the tensile stress which increases the resistance ofBSI mix in the case of traction force.
4.5. Bending strength by three points
The bending test by three points was performed according toASTM D 790-81. The bending strength as shown in Fig. 9 is
the average of six samples tested specimens for each type ofconcrete studied here. We note that the BSI concrete with
crystallized slag of blast furnace in the composition of concrete, Alexandria Eng.
Figure 7 Tensile strength test.
2.2
4.38
3.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
B.O BSI BSII
spli�
ng te
nsile
stre
ngth
s in
MPa
concrete type
Figure 8 Tensile strength of concrete.
2.88
4.1
3.1
00.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
4.5
B.O BSI BSII
Bend
ing
stre
ngth
Concrete type
Figure 9 Bending strength of concrete.
0.47
0.28
0.37
00.050.1
0.150.2
0.250.3
0.350.4
0.450.5
B.O BSI BSII
Capi
llarit
y in
per
cent
age
Concrete type
Figure 10 Capillarity of concretes.
5.28
5.43
5.15
55.055.1
5.155.2
5.255.3
5.355.4
5.455.5
B.O BSI BSIIConcrete type
Wat
er a
bsor
p�on
by
imm
ersi
on in
per
cent
age
Figure 11 Water absorption by immersion of concretes.
Substitution of the natural sand by crystallized slag 5
natural sand is completely replaced by the slag sand which hasa higher bending strength than that of ordinary concrete BO.
The growth of strength is 42% in this case, meaning that theconcrete BSII has better bending strength compared to ordi-nary concrete BO. Against that, the BSII concrete has a bend-
ing strength that it is within the range of two concrete strengthresistances of BSI and BO.
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4.6. Capillarity
The capillarity is determined using the standard NF P 18-502.
The results shown in Fig. 10 are the average of six prismaticspecimens 70 � 70 � 280 mm3. These results show that thecapillary rise is low for concrete BSI (C= 0.28%) and BSII(C= 0.37%) compared to ordinary concrete BO
(C= 0.47%). From these results we can conclude that theuse of crystallized slag as sand in the manufacturing of con-crete does not increase the permeability.
4.7. Water absorption by immersion
The result is the average of six prismatic specimens
70 � 70 � 280 mm3, and the water absorption in percentageis equal to 5.28 for BO concrete and 5.15 in the cases of BSIIconcrete. We can note that the percentage of water absorption
by immersion of both BO and BSII concretes are very close,which means they have the same characteristic of waterabsorption. The results registered are presented in Fig. 11.We see that the water absorption coefficient of concrete mix
BSI is little greater than that of other types of concrete studiedhere, and this can be explained by the important porosityknown in the slag granulate compared to natural sand.
4.8. Weight loss according concrete age
The weight loss of the concrete samples studied here is mea-
sured over time conservation, knowing that the specimensare kept in an ambient temperature of 25 �C after saturation.
crystallized slag of blast furnace in the composition of concrete, Alexandria Eng.
Figure 12 Weight loss test.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2 7 14 28 60
B.O BSI BSII
age of concret in days
wei
ght l
oss
in p
erce
ntag
e
Figure 13 Water absorption by immersion of concretes.
Figure 14 Hydraul
6 M. Senani et al.
Please cite this article in press as: M. Senani et al., Substitution of the natural sand byJ. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.05.006
The weight loss (Fig. 12) for concrete based on the sand slag
BSI and BSII is the weakest. This is explained by the fact thatpart of the mixing water is chemically combined with slag fineand participates in the hydration reactions. Against the ordi-
nary concrete BO, it has higher weight loss rates. All resultsof weight loss depending on the concrete age are presentedin Fig. 13.
4.9. Hydraulic shrinkage
The shrinkage is determined using the standard NF P 15-433(Fig. 14). The evolution of hydraulic shrinkage over time of
the three concretes is shown in Fig. 15. It can be seen that over-all values of hydraulic shrinkage of sand slag concrete withhigh dosage of granulated slag are lower and remain close to
ic shrinkage test.
crystallized slag of blast furnace in the composition of concrete, Alexandria Eng.
0102030405060708090
100
0 5 10 15
hydr
aulic
shrin
kage
(m
/m)
conrete age in days
BO BSI BSII
Figure 15 Hydraulic shrinkage of different concretes.
0
100
200
300
400
500
012345
BSII BSI
Weight loss in percentage
Hydr
aulic
shrin
kage
(
m/m
)
Figure 16 Shrinkage-weight loss relationship of concrete BSI
and BSII.
Substitution of the natural sand by crystallized slag 7
the limits of the current values of ordinary concrete BO. Thiscan be explained by the strong compactness obtained for the
sand slag concrete.
4.10. Shrinkage–weight loss relationship
Fig. 16 shows the development of the hydraulic shrinkage overthe weight loss of prismatic samples concrete which used asand slag in the composition. Generally we see the presence
of three phases:
– In the first phase, the shrinkage and weight loss evolve lin-early. This is generally caused by the contraction of the
solid skeleton by capillary depression.– The second phase is a slight evolution of weight loss withlow additional shrinkage.
5. Conclusion
Sand concrete represents a new family of concretes whose per-formances evolve according to several independent parame-ters. This study highlighted the role and influence of certain
parameters namely the dosage, the nature and size of the sand
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on the characteristics of the concrete slag sand, fresh andhardened.
The characterization of slag sand concrete was made from
their mechanical properties: compressive strength and tensilestrength, as well as their durability: the capillary water absorp-tion and hydraulic shrinkage. By analyzing the results we can
conclude several positive points:
– The high compactness achieved by adding sand slag in suit-
able proportions provides gains of compressive and tensilestrength.
– The use of granulated slag as sand in the composition ofconcrete can meet two objectives that have a direct relation-
ship with the cost of concrete: minimizing the amount ofcement in the concrete composition and increasing themechanical characteristic of concrete.
– The amount of mixing water used in concrete sand slag isimportant because of the high water absorption by the crys-tallized slag sand.
– The use of sand slag granulated in the composition of con-crete can give an economic interest in reducing the cost ofconcrete and may intervene in the environmental protection
of this blast furnace waste.
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[9] Nicolas Robeyst, Monitoring the setting of concrete containing
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