spanish grammar book 2

Grammar Book

part 2.Lola Guinn5th period

Table of Contents:1. Conditional + Irregulars2. Perfect tenses

1. Present2. Past3. Present perfect irregulars4. Subjunctive perfect

3. Tanto y Tan4. Impersonal se5. Saber vs. Conocer6. Los Mandatos

1. Informal/ formal2. Affirmative3. Negative4. Irregular

7. DOP + IOP placement8. Nosotros Commands

1. Mono Verbs

9. Subjunctive + Irregulars1. Expressions of Emotion with Present Sub.

10. Trigger Phrases1. Impersonal Expressions2. Expressions of Emotion3. Conjunctions of Time

11. Demonstrative Adjective and Pronouns

Conditional + Irregulars• Expresses probability, possibility, or

conjecture.• “would, could, should”

These irregulars are the same as future tense

Perfect Tenses• Prefect tense portrays an action or state as

completed and not in progress, from a different point of view

• It has two parts…. helping verb + past participle• 3 main perfect tenses: present perfect, past

perfect, and future perfect

Present • The present perfect is formed by

combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle.

• Example:

He comido- I have eaten.

Past• Past tense is “had”• It has the same endings

as the conditional

• Example:

Había vivido- I had lived.

Present Perfect Irregulars

• Hemos puesto- we have put• Han escrito- they have written• He abierto- I have opened• Ha muerto- she has died• Han visto- you all have seen

• Ha dicho- you (formal) have said• Has vuelto- you have returned• Hemos hecho- we have done

Subjunctive Perfect

• Subjunctive perfect is the compound tense of the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb

Tanto & Tan

Forming comparisons of equalities with nouns:

Tanto (-a,-os,-as) + noun + como

Example:

Roberto tiene tanto galletas como Shakira.

Forming comparisons of equalities with adjectives or adverbs:

Tan + adj (adverb) + como

Example:

El libro es tan bueno como la película.

Impersonal ‘Se’Verb is always in 3rd person and followed by a direct

object

Se + 3rd person singular

Example:

Se habla español.

Saber vs. Conocer

Los Mandatos:• Used to directly address someone and

give them an order

–Can be formal or informal–Can be nosotros

–Can be affirmative or negative

Informal & Formal

Affirmative

Negative

Irregulars

Dop & Iop Placement• The DOP is placed before verb• It answers the questions of who?

& what? • The IOP is placed before

the verb• It answers the questions of

to whom? & for whom?

Nosotros Commands• Used when speaker is included, used to express:

lets + verb• Opposite nosotros ending is used

Example: Comamos allí

***For negative, just add no before verb

-emos: nosotros command of -AR verbs-amos: nosotros command of -ER and -IR verbs

Mono VerbsWith affirmative nosotros commands, the final “s” is dropped before adding the pronouns –nos or –se

Example:Sentemos + nos = sentémonos

With negative nosotros commands, the pronoun comes before the verd

Example:No nos sentemonos

Subjunctive• The subjunctive is used

to express everything but certainty and objectivity

Process:• Start w/ “yo” form, drop

the –o ending, and add the following endings

Examples:com + a = comahabl + e = hable

Subjunctive Irregulars• The irregulars for subjunctive are the car, gar, zars and

TVDISHES

Examples:

Dardédesdé

demosden

Estarestéestésesté

estemosestén

IrVayavayasvaya

vayamosVayan

Example Sentences:

Nos alegramos de que te gusten las floresWe are happy that you like the flowers

Siento que tu no puedas venir mañanaIm sorry that you cant come tomorrow

Expressions of Emotions with Present Subjunctive

Trigger Phases:• A menos que…• Antes que…• Cuando…• Dudar que…• En cuanto…• Es bueno que…• Es imposible que…• Es malo que…

• Querer que…• Sin que…• Negar que…• Hasta que…• En raro que…• Es mejor que…• Es posible que…• Esperar que…

Impersonal Expressions

Triggers of the subjunctive

Expressions of Emotions

Conjuctions of Time

Demonstrative Adjectives

Adjectives: This That That Over There

M este ese aquel

F esta esa aquella

These Those Those Over There

M estos esos aquellos

F estas esas aquellas

•Placed before the noun and agree with number and gender• Example: this restaurant = este resturante

Demonstrative Pronouns

Pronouns: This One That One That One Over There

M éste ése aquél

F ésta ésa aquélla

These (ones) Those (ones) Those (ones) Over There

M éstos ésos aquéllos

F éstas ésas aquéllas

Pronouns: This One That One That One Over There

M éste ése aquél

F ésta ésa aquélla

These (ones) Those (ones) Those (ones) Over There

M éstos ésos aquéllos

F éstas ésas aquéllas

• Adj. can act as a noun, accent is added to the first “e” in the word

•Example: prefiero ésa =that one