spanish grammar book 2
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Grammar Book
part 2.Lola Guinn5th period
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Table of Contents:1. Conditional + Irregulars2. Perfect tenses
1. Present2. Past3. Present perfect irregulars4. Subjunctive perfect
3. Tanto y Tan4. Impersonal se5. Saber vs. Conocer6. Los Mandatos
1. Informal/ formal2. Affirmative3. Negative4. Irregular
7. DOP + IOP placement8. Nosotros Commands
1. Mono Verbs
9. Subjunctive + Irregulars1. Expressions of Emotion with Present Sub.
10. Trigger Phrases1. Impersonal Expressions2. Expressions of Emotion3. Conjunctions of Time
11. Demonstrative Adjective and Pronouns
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Conditional + Irregulars• Expresses probability, possibility, or
conjecture.• “would, could, should”
These irregulars are the same as future tense
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Perfect Tenses• Prefect tense portrays an action or state as
completed and not in progress, from a different point of view
• It has two parts…. helping verb + past participle• 3 main perfect tenses: present perfect, past
perfect, and future perfect
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Present • The present perfect is formed by
combining the auxiliary verb "has" or "have" with the past participle.
• Example:
He comido- I have eaten.
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Past• Past tense is “had”• It has the same endings
as the conditional
• Example:
Había vivido- I had lived.
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Present Perfect Irregulars
• Hemos puesto- we have put• Han escrito- they have written• He abierto- I have opened• Ha muerto- she has died• Han visto- you all have seen
• Ha dicho- you (formal) have said• Has vuelto- you have returned• Hemos hecho- we have done
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Subjunctive Perfect
• Subjunctive perfect is the compound tense of the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb
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Tanto & Tan
Forming comparisons of equalities with nouns:
Tanto (-a,-os,-as) + noun + como
Example:
Roberto tiene tanto galletas como Shakira.
Forming comparisons of equalities with adjectives or adverbs:
Tan + adj (adverb) + como
Example:
El libro es tan bueno como la película.
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Impersonal ‘Se’Verb is always in 3rd person and followed by a direct
object
Se + 3rd person singular
Example:
Se habla español.
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Saber vs. Conocer
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Los Mandatos:• Used to directly address someone and
give them an order
–Can be formal or informal–Can be nosotros
–Can be affirmative or negative
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Informal & Formal
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Affirmative
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Negative
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Irregulars
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Dop & Iop Placement• The DOP is placed before verb• It answers the questions of who?
& what? • The IOP is placed before
the verb• It answers the questions of
to whom? & for whom?
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Nosotros Commands• Used when speaker is included, used to express:
lets + verb• Opposite nosotros ending is used
Example: Comamos allí
***For negative, just add no before verb
-emos: nosotros command of -AR verbs-amos: nosotros command of -ER and -IR verbs
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Mono VerbsWith affirmative nosotros commands, the final “s” is dropped before adding the pronouns –nos or –se
Example:Sentemos + nos = sentémonos
With negative nosotros commands, the pronoun comes before the verd
Example:No nos sentemonos
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Subjunctive• The subjunctive is used
to express everything but certainty and objectivity
Process:• Start w/ “yo” form, drop
the –o ending, and add the following endings
Examples:com + a = comahabl + e = hable
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Subjunctive Irregulars• The irregulars for subjunctive are the car, gar, zars and
TVDISHES
Examples:
Dardédesdé
demosden
Estarestéestésesté
estemosestén
IrVayavayasvaya
vayamosVayan
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Example Sentences:
Nos alegramos de que te gusten las floresWe are happy that you like the flowers
Siento que tu no puedas venir mañanaIm sorry that you cant come tomorrow
Expressions of Emotions with Present Subjunctive
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Trigger Phases:• A menos que…• Antes que…• Cuando…• Dudar que…• En cuanto…• Es bueno que…• Es imposible que…• Es malo que…
• Querer que…• Sin que…• Negar que…• Hasta que…• En raro que…• Es mejor que…• Es posible que…• Esperar que…
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Impersonal Expressions
Triggers of the subjunctive
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Expressions of Emotions
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Conjuctions of Time
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Demonstrative Adjectives
Adjectives: This That That Over There
M este ese aquel
F esta esa aquella
These Those Those Over There
M estos esos aquellos
F estas esas aquellas
•Placed before the noun and agree with number and gender• Example: this restaurant = este resturante
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Demonstrative Pronouns
Pronouns: This One That One That One Over There
M éste ése aquél
F ésta ésa aquélla
These (ones) Those (ones) Those (ones) Over There
M éstos ésos aquéllos
F éstas ésas aquéllas
Pronouns: This One That One That One Over There
M éste ése aquél
F ésta ésa aquélla
These (ones) Those (ones) Those (ones) Over There
M éstos ésos aquéllos
F éstas ésas aquéllas
• Adj. can act as a noun, accent is added to the first “e” in the word
•Example: prefiero ésa =that one