sound principles
Post on 06-Jan-2016
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Sound PrinciplesSound Principles
VCC West Philly Sound TeamVCC West Philly Sound Team
TrainingTraining
FrequencyFrequency
•Frequency determines the pitch of a sound
•Higher frequencies make higher notes
•Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) or cycles per second
Common Frequency Bands:
•Low: 20 Hz – 250 Hz center: 100 Hz
•Mid: 250 Hz – 5 kHz center: 1 kHz
•High: 5 kHz – 20 kHz center: 10 kHz
AmplitudeAmplitude•Amplitude determines the volume or intensity of a sound wave
•Sound intensity is measured in decibels (dB)
•dB is a measurement relative to a reference sound level
•A 10 dB sound is 10 times the intensity of the reference level
•A 20 dB sound is 100 times the intensity of the reference level
•A 30 dB sound is 1000 times the intensity of the reference level
•A 0 dB sound has the same intensity as the reference level
Basic Sound SystemBasic Sound System
Input SourcesInput Sources
MicrophonesMicrophones
Types – dynamic, condenserTypes – dynamic, condenser
Patterns – omnidirectional, Patterns – omnidirectional, cardioid, supercardioidcardioid, supercardioid
InstrumentsInstruments
Guitar, piano, bass, drumsGuitar, piano, bass, drums
OtherOther
CD player, iPod, computerCD player, iPod, computer
omnidirectional cardioid supercardioid
Mixing ConsoleMixing Console
Mixes, tunes, and controls the Mixes, tunes, and controls the destination and volume of audio destination and volume of audio signalssignals
Combines input signals to form Combines input signals to form outputs for main and monitor outputs for main and monitor speakersspeakers
Power AmplifierPower Amplifier
Take signals and amplify them so Take signals and amplify them so they can drive speakersthey can drive speakers
Power of an amplifier is measured Power of an amplifier is measured in Wattsin Watts
Make sure that the amplifier Make sure that the amplifier matches the impedance of the matches the impedance of the speakers being usedspeakers being used
Watch for clipping or distortionWatch for clipping or distortion
Clipping
SpeakersSpeakers
Main SpeakersMain Speakers
Provide sound for audienceProvide sound for audience
Monitor SpeakersMonitor Speakers
Provide sound for musicians on Provide sound for musicians on stagestage
Speakers are rated in terms of Speakers are rated in terms of impedance. Common values are impedance. Common values are 2 Ohms, 4 Ohms, and 8 Ohms2 Ohms, 4 Ohms, and 8 Ohms
Cables and ConnectorsCables and Connectors
Connect all the different components of the sound systemConnect all the different components of the sound system
Types of CablesTypes of CablesUnbalanced – Short cables connecting instruments to amps/snakeUnbalanced – Short cables connecting instruments to amps/snakeBalanced – Longer cables carrying line-level signals to and from mixerBalanced – Longer cables carrying line-level signals to and from mixerUnshielded – Thicker cables carrying amplified signals from amp to Unshielded – Thicker cables carrying amplified signals from amp to speakersspeakers
XLR 1/8” (mini-plug)1/4” RCA
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