slickwater vs. crosslink gels: identifying which frac ... · recycle. reuse. results. 2 0 20 40 60...
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www.hydrozonix.com Recycle. Reuse. Results.
Slickwater vs. Crosslink Gels: Identifying Which Frac Fluid Works
Better with Produced Water (A Recycling Case Study)
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0 20 40 60 80 100 120
HawaiiLouisianaAlabama
MississippiAlaskaFlorida
TennesseeGeorgia
North CarolinaArkansas
South CarolinaConnecticut
KentuckyDelaware
MassachusettsNew Jersey
Rhode IslandWest Virginia
MarylandVirginia
New HampshireMaine
PennsylvaniaIndiana
MissouriNew YorkVermont
IllinoisOhio
WashingtonOklahoma
IowaMichigan
WisconsinOregonKansas
TexasMinnesota
CaliforniaNebraska
NevadaIdaho
South DakotaNorth Dakota
ColoradoMontana
ArizonaNew Mexico
WyomingUtah
AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION
55% of wells drilled 3Q13
TEXAS NORTH DAKOTA
COLORADO
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freshwater constraints + disposal constraints = need to recycle
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Slickwater vs. Crosslink Gels
Slickwater Crosslink Gels
Friction Reducer can be effected
Gel Compatibility is an issue
Friction reducer can be adjusted on the fly
Difficult to adjust gel on the fly
Little sensitivity to blend rate High sensitivity to blend rate
Fluid consistency not an issue Fluid consistency is an issue
No Boron concerns Boron is a concern
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Permian Basin Slickwater Recycle Rate
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
10
/14
/11
11
/13
/11
12
/13
/11
01
/12
/12
02
/11
/12
03
/12
/12
04
/11
/12
05
/11
/12
06
/10
/12
07
/10
/12
08
/09
/12
09
/08
/12
10
/08
/12
% Recycled Fluid per Well All Permian Basin
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Permian Basin Slickwater: FR vs. Recycle Rate
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
12/23/2011 4/1/2012 7/10/2012 10/18/2012 1/26/2013 5/6/2013 8/14/2013
FR C
on
cen
trat
ion
, % in
mas
s
% o
f R
ecy
cle
d
Fracturing Date
% of Recycled
FR Concentration
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Permian Basin Slickwater: HZO vs. Biocide vs. Chlorine Dioxide
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
2012/10/18 2012/12/7 2013/1/26 2013/3/17 2013/5/6 2013/6/25 2013/8/14 2013/10/3 2013/11/22
Fri
ctio
n R
ed
uce
r C
on
cen
trat
ion
, % in
mas
s
Fracturing Date
Hydrozonix
Biocide
ClO2
Water Treatment Technology # of Wells FR Concentration, % in mass
Biocide 22 0.0123
ClO2 9 0.0146
Hydrozonix 27 0.0042
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Cross-linked gel fluids
8
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Cross-linked gel fluids
9
• Gel Compatibility can be maintained over narrow range.
• TSS, TDS, Chlorides and Boron are all issues.
• Once Gel recipe is developed water quality must remain in a narrow range to maintain gel compatibility
• Control of water quality is paramount
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Need for Fluid QA/QC on X-linked Gel Fracs
10
• Pre-frac circulation, pretest water, define blend • Blend to correct ratios • Monitor water quality real time • Synchronize water transfer with pumping company
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Pre-Frac TESTING
11
• Blended Water Gel Compatibility Test • Water Source- Freshwater and Produced
• Chloride • Boron • TDS
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Pre-Frac TESTING
12
Gel frac recycle and control system
Consistent Water Quality • Calibrate Pumps- Fresh &
Produced
• Baseline TDS, Chlorides and Boron
• Chloride concentration
optimized for clay stabilization
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Pre-Frac TESTING
13
Gel frac recycle and control system
Pre-frac circulation • Agitate water
• Collect samples • Engineer chemistry to
match the fluid
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Why circulate?
14
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Before Circulation After Circulation After Treatment
Bac
teri
a C
ou
nt
/ m
l
GHB
SRB
APB
Bacteria levels
DOUBLE
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Circulation Options
15
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X-FRaC SYSTEM
16
Gel frac recycle and control system
Real-time measurement • Total dissolved solids
• Chloride • Boron • General Water Quality
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X-FRaC SYSTEM
17
Gel frac recycle and control system
Pump control • Control pump RPMs
• Control blend ratios • Adjust blends on-the-fly
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Case study – Permian Basin
18
• 130,000 bbl frac
• 75% freshwater
• 25% produced fluid
• Results
• Volumetric ratios
• Boron
• Chloride
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Volumetric ratios
19
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Pre* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Stage Number
Produced Water
Fresh Water
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Boron levels
20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Pre* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Boron, mg/L
Stage Number
Produced Water
Treated Water
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Potassium chloride (KCl) equivalency
21
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
4.5%
5.0%
Pre 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
KCl equivalency
Stage Number
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Gel Concentration vs. Recycle Rate
22
Frac Service # of wells Gel Concentration, % in
mass Gel to Proppant Ratio
Frac Crew #1 12 0.223 0.017 : 1
Frac Crew #2 w/ Biocide 14 0.204 0.029 : 1
Frac Crew # 2 w/ Hydrozonix 11 0.197 0.026 : 1
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
9/14/2011 12/23/2011 4/1/2012 7/10/2012 10/18/2012 1/26/2013 5/6/2013 8/14/2013 11/22/2013 3/2/2014
Ge
l Co
nce
ntr
atio
n, %
in m
ass
Fracturing Date
Frac Crew #1
Frac Crew #2 w/ Biocide
Frac Crew #2 w/ Hydrozonix
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Hydrozonix EF80
• Versatile bacteria treatment
• On-the-fly treatment onsite
• No negative impact on chemical compatibility
23
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