the application and technology of slickwater fracturing

2004-2005

The Application and Technology of Slickwater

FracturingPresented By:

Gary Schein

Region Technical Manager

BJ Services Company

What Is A Slickwater/Water FracWhat Is A Slickwater/Water Frac

Fracture treatment that utilizes large volume of water to create adequate fracture geometry and conductivity to obtain commercial production from low permeability, large net pay reservoirs.

What Is A Slickwater/Water FracWhat Is A Slickwater/Water Frac

Slickwater FracsLight Sand FracsWater Fracs (No Proppant?)Low Proppant FracsLow Conductivity FracsTreated Water Fracs Hybrids?

What Is A Hybrid Frac?What Is A Hybrid Frac?Slickwater Followed by Linear GelLinear Gel Frac Fluid onlySlickwater Pad Followed by Crosslinked Prop Laden FluidSlickwater Prepad Followed by Low Polymer Crosslinked Pad and Prop Laden Frac FluidCrosslinked Pad Followed by Slickwater Prop Laden

Why Do Slickwater Fracs Work?Why Do Slickwater Fracs Work?

Fractures Create Rough Surfaces, A Residual Conductive Frac May Exist After ClosureNatural Fractures Contributes to ProductionTight, Low Pressure Reservoirs May Exhibit Clean-up Problems With Conventional Gels

Why Do Slickwater Fracs Work?Why Do Slickwater Fracs Work?

Failure Mechanisms In Rock– Hydraulic Fracture vs. Residual

Deformation– Shear or Slippage Type Failures

Fracture Extension Using Thin Low Viscosity Fluids

Screening Criteria for Screening Criteria for Slickwater Frac TreatmentsSlickwater Frac Treatments“Dry” Gas Saturated– Formation Fluids Block Pore Throats and

effect Conductivity in Low Perm RockLow Permeability– Reservoir Requires Large Surface-Area

Fractures and Extension with Low Leak-offNaturally Fractured Reservoir– Microfractures or Other Natural Fractures

Contribute to Productivity

Screening Criteria for Screening Criteria for Slickwater Frac TreatmentsSlickwater Frac Treatments

Formation Barriers– Some Level of Barrier Above and Below the

Zone to Aid in Fracture ContainmentFormation Sensitivity– Low Levels of Sensitivity of the Formation

to Large Volumes of Water - Clay AnalysisWells Where Massive and Large Volume Fracs were Volumetrically Successful, Yet Economically Marginal

Screening Criteria for Screening Criteria for Slickwater Frac TreatmentsSlickwater Frac Treatments

Non-Depleted Reservoir Pressure– Sufficient Pressure Must Exist to Flow Back

Fracturing Fluids– Too Much Water Can “Over-Saturate” the

Reservoir Leading to Poor Production Results

Stimulation Fluid OptionsStimulation Fluid Options

31.1

23.8

15 14.3

78.4

0.4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

% of Total Jobs

Fracturing Fluid Usage US (2004)

Slick Water Borates Low Polymer B Low Polymer Z Organo Borates CMHPG Oil Gels

31.1

23.8

15 14.3

78.4

0.4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

% of Total Jobs

Fracturing Fluid Usage US (2004)

Slick Water Borates Low Polymer B Low Polymer Z Organo Borates CMHPG Oil Gels

Fracturing Challenges for Slickwater Fracturing Challenges for Slickwater The major challenge in naturally fractured reservoirs is determining stimulation mechanismIs the stimulation response based on:– Solubilization of water soluble salts in the

fracture system– Water imbibition and hydrocarbon

displacement– The mechanical miss-alignment of the fracture

faces– Creation of rubblized proppant yielding

additional conductivityProppant transport with slick water fracturing fluids is a critical consideration for stimulation

Geographical Areas with Geographical Areas with Successful Slickwater FracsSuccessful Slickwater Fracs

Barnett Shale

Bossier Sand

Austin Chalk

Olmos Sand

Cotton Valley SandsGranite Wash

General Design CriteriaGeneral Design CriteriaCotton Valley Sand Cotton Valley Sand -- East Texas/North East Texas/North LouisianaLouisiana

1500-2000 Gal/Ft (18.6-24.8 m3/m) of Gross Height10-30% of Total Volume PadRemaining 70-90% as Follows:– 55-65% Containing .25 - 1.25 ppg (30-150 kg/m3) Prop– 35-45% Containing 1.25 - 2.5 ppg (150-300 kg/m3)

Prop– Last Stage Ramp 3-5 ppg (300-600 kg/m3) Prop

Total Rate - 40-80 BPM (6.4-12.7 m3/min)20/40 and 40/70 Mesh Proppant Included

PROCEDURE

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

Fluid ProppantCum(lbs)

Conc.(ppa)

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.25

1.50

2.00

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

4.00

100%Sand, White, 40/70
















Type

Slickwater

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Slickwater/Prop

Volume(gal)

191000

15000

15000

10000

10000

10000

10000

7500

15000

15000

10000

10000

7500

7500

7500

4000

3000

3750

7500

7500

10000

12500

15000

15000

3750

7500

7500

10000

11250

15000

18750

12000

12000

Type Stage(lbs)stage

3750

11250

18750

28750

41250

56250

71250

75000

82500

90000

100000

111250

126250

145000

157000

169000

Pump Rate 50 BPM

PROCEDURE

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37


Conc.(ppa)

0.250.500.75

1.00

1.25

1.25

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.50

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.75

1.75

F E TEvaluate F E TPad100%Sand, White, 40/70100%Sand, White, 40/70100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep

Type

SlickwaterShut DownSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwater

Volume(gal)

200001

900001000010000200008000

150008000

100005000

1000010000550050006000500060005000600050006000500060005000550050006000500060005000600050006000500060005000

25005000

15000

15000

12500

12500

8250

9000

9000

9000

9000

9000

9625

10500

10500

10500

10500

10500


25007500

22500225003750037500500005000062500625007075070750797507975088750887509775097750

106750106750115750115750125375125375135875135875146375146375156875156875167375167375177875

PROCEDURE

38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74


Conc.(ppa)2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.00

2.50

2.50

2.50

2.50

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

3.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

4.00

100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70

Type

SlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwater

Volume(gal)

5500500060005000600050006000500060005000600050006000550060005500600055006000550060006500600065006000650060006500600075006000650060006500600065006000

11000

12000

12000

12000

12000

12000

15000

15000

15000

15000

18000

18000

18000

18000

18000

24000

24000

24000

24000


188875188875200875200875212875212875224875224875236875236875248875248875263875263875278875278875293875293875308875308875326875326875344875344875362875362875380875380875398875398875422875422875446875446875470875470875

PROCEDURE

75 76 77 78 79 80

81 82

83


584875

614875

Conc.(ppa)

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep100%Sand, White, 40/70Sweep83.33%Sand, White, 40/70

Sweep83.33%Sand, White, 40/70

Flush

Type

SlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwater

SlickwaterSlickwater

Slickwater

Volume(gal)

750060006500600065006000

65006000

5674

30000

30000

24999

24999

Type

614875 622175Total

Stage(lbs)stage

16.67%FlexSand MSE, 14/30

16.67%FlexSand MSE, 14/30

5001

5001

494875524875524875554875554875

584875

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37


Conc.(ppa)

0.25

0.50

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.25

1.25

1.25

1.50

1.50

1.75

Load Hole/BalloutDisplace BallsDiagnosticsPad100%Tempered HS, 40/70

100%Tempered HS, 40/70
















Type

SlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwaterSlickwater20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel

Volume(gal)

150001500015000

100000160008000

160008000

15000100001500010000150001000015000100008500850085008500

110001000013000100001400015000130009000

140009500

150009500

1500010000150001000015000

4000

8000

11250

11250

11250

11250

8500

8500

11000

13000

14000

16250

17500

18750

22500

22500

26250


40004000

120001200023250232503450034500457504575057000570006550065500740007400085000850009800098000

112000112000128250128250145750145750164500164500187000187000209500209500

PROCEDURE

38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46


Conc.(ppa)

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50



100%Econoprop, 20/40

100%Econoprop, 20/40

Type

20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear Gel20# Linear GelSlickwater Flush

Volume(gal)

100001500010000150001000016000100001400010537

30000

37500

48000

49000

Type

400250 645537Total

Stage(lbs)stage

235750265750265750303250303250351250351250400250

Oklahoma

Texas

New MexicoArkansas

Louisi

Mimms Creek, Dew, Dowdy Ranch, Nan-Su-Gail, and Donie Fields- Freestone County, Texas

Freestone

Area of Interest

General Design CriteriaGeneral Design CriteriaBossier Sand CompletionsBossier Sand Completions

•Treated Fresh Water with Friction Reducer and “Hybrids”

•+/- 400,000 gals. (1500 m3) Fluid•+/- 50-300,000 lbs. (33-136 Metric Tons) 40/70

AcFrac Black, Tempered HS, Ceramics•150-300,000 lbs. (68-136 Metric Tons) 20/40 Mesh

Resin (Hybrids)•Proppant Concentrations .25-3 ppg (30-360

kg/m3) •60-80 BPM (9.5-12.7 m3/min)

Slickwater Treatment Schedule Slickwater Treatment Schedule (Original Designs)(Original Designs)

Stage Fluid Type Rate Fluid Volume Prop Conc. Proppant Type1 Slickwater - Pad 80 700002 Slickwater 80 6000 0.25 20/40 Acfrac Black3 Slickwater - Pad 80 50004 Slickwater 80 10000 0.25 20/40 Acfrac Black5 Slickwater - Pad 80 240006 Slickwater 80 6000 0.5 20/40 Acfrac Black7 Slickwater - Pad 80 240008 Slickwater 80 10000 0.5 20/40 Acfrac Black9 Slickwater - Pad 80 2400010 Slickwater 80 10000 0.5 20/40 Acfrac Black11 Slickwater - Pad 80 2400012 Slickwater 80 10000 0.5 20/40 Acfrac Black13 Slickwater - Pad 80 2400014 Slickwater 80 10000 0.75 20/40 Acfrac Black15 Slickwater - Flush 80 33000

Slickwater Treatment Schedule Slickwater Treatment Schedule -- Bossier SandBossier SandStage Fluid Type Rate Fluid Volume Prop Conc. Proppant Type

1 Slickwater - Pad 70 480002 Slickwater 70 5000 0.25 40/70 Acfrac Black3 Slickwater - Pad 70 50004 Slickwater 70 5000 0.25 40/70 Acfrac Black5 Slickwater - Pad 70 50006 Slickwater 70 5000 0.5 40/70 Acfrac Black7 Slickwater - Pad 70 50008 Slickwater 70 5000 0.5 40/70 Acfrac Black9 Slickwater - Pad 70 500010 Slickwater 70 5000 0.5 40/70 Acfrac Black11 Slickwater - Pad 70 500012 Slickwater 70 5000 0.5 40/70 Acfrac Black13 Slickwater - Pad 70 500014 Slickwater 70 5000 0.5 40/70 Acfrac Black15 Slickwater - Pad 70 500016 Slickwater 70 5000 0.5 40/70 Acfrac Black17 Slickwater - Pad 70 500018 Slickwater 70 5000 0.5 40/70 Acfrac Black19 Slickwater - Pad 70 500020 Slickwater 70 5000 0.75 40/70 Acfrac Black

Slickwater Treatment Schedule, ConSlickwater Treatment Schedule, Con’’tt21 Slickwater - Pad 70 5000 22 Slickwater 70 5000 0.75 40/70 Acfrac Black23 Slickwater - Pad 70 500024 Slickwater 70 5000 0.75 40/70 Acfrac Black25 Slickwater - Pad 70 500026 Slickwater 70 5000 0.75 40/70 Acfrac Black27 Slickwater - Pad 70 500028 Slickwater 70 5000 0.75 40/70 Acfrac Black29 Slickwater - Pad 70 500030 Slickwater 70 5000 0.75 40/70 Acfrac Black31 Slickwater - Pad 70 500032 Slickwater 70 5000 1 40/70 Acfrac Black33 Slickwater - Pad 70 500034 Slickwater 70 5000 1 40/70 Acfrac Black35 Slickwater - Pad 70 500036 Slickwater 70 5000 1 40/70 Acfrac Black37 Slickwater - Pad 70 500038 Slickwater 70 5000 1 40/70 Acfrac Black39 Slickwater - Pad 70 500040 Slickwater 70 5000 1 40/70 Acfrac Black

Slickwater Treatment Schedule, ConSlickwater Treatment Schedule, Con’’tt41 Slickwater - Pad 70 500042 Slickwater 70 5000 1 40/70 Acfrac Black43 Slickwater - Pad 70 500044 Slickwater 70 5000 1.25 40/70 Acfrac Black45 Slickwater - Pad 70 500046 Slickwater 70 5000 1.25 40/70 Acfrac Black47 Slickwater - Pad 70 500048 Slickwater 70 5000 1.25 40/70 Acfrac Black49 Slickwater - Pad 70 500050 Slickwater 70 5000 1.25 40/70 Acfrac Black51 Slickwater - Pad 70 500052 Slickwater 70 5000 1.25 40/70 Acfrac Black53 Slickwater - Pad 70 500054 Slickwater 70 5000 1.25 40/70 Acfrac Black55 Slickwater - Pad 70 500056 Slickwater 70 5000 1.25 40/70 Acfrac Black57 Slickwater - Pad 70 500058 Slickwater 70 5000 1.25 40/70 Acfrac Black59 Slickwater - Pad 70 500060 Slickwater 70 5000 1.5 40/70 Acfrac Black

Slickwater Treatment Schedule, Slickwater Treatment Schedule, ConCon’’tt

61 Slickwater - Pad 70 500062 Slickwater 70 5000 1.75 40/70 Acfrac Black63 Slickwater - Pad 70 500064 Slickwater 70 5000 1.75 40/70 Acfrac Black65 Slickwater - Pad 70 500066 Slickwater 70 5000 2 40/70 Acfrac Black67 Slickwater - Pad 70 500068 Slickwater 70 5000 2 40/70 Acfrac Black69 Slickwater - Flush 70 25000

Slickwater Treatment

PROCEDURE

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13


6000

21000

57000

111000

161000

186000

210000

210000

Conc.(ppa)

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

2.50

3.00

100%AcFrac Black Plus








Type

Slickwater Prepad

15% HCL Acid

Slickwater Prepad

Slickwater Prepad

Viking 1D 3500

Viking 1D 3500

Viking 1D 3500 -

Viking 1D 3500 -

Viking 1D 3500 -

Viking 1D 3500 -

Viking 1D 3500 --

Viking 1D 3500 --

Slickwater Flush

Volume(gal)

1000

2000

20000

85000

52000

12000

15000

24000

27000

20000

10000

8000

11369

6000

15000

36000

54000

50000

25000

24000

Type

“Hybrid” Treatment Schedule - Recent Modifications

Conventional Frac Without Slickwater Pad

Hybrid Job

Slickwater Pad Followed by Crosslink Fluid

Mimms CreekAverage Daily Well Production Per Month

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Month

Rat

e (M

CFD

)

Slickwater Fracs

Hybrid/ConventionalFracs

Newark East Field

Area of InterestJack

Palo PintoParker

Hood

Erath

MontagueGraysonCooke

Wise Denton Collin

Tarrant Dallas

Rockwa

JohnsonEllis

Somervell

Oklahoma

Texas

New MexicoArk

L

General Design CriteriaGeneral Design CriteriaVertical Wells Vertical Wells -- Barnett ShaleBarnett Shale

Upper and Lower Barnett Shales+/- 2,200-2,400 gal/ft (27.3-29.8 m3/m) of Gross Height40% Pad, 50% .015 - .25#, 10% 0.25-2# Ramp20/40 Ottawa Sand and 40/70 Ottawa SandTotal Rate = 40-85 BPM (6.4-13.5 m3/min)5 1/2” CasingFresh Water and Friction ReducerAdditives May Include Biocide, Surfactant, Scale Inhibitor

General Design CriteriaGeneral Design CriteriaHorizontal Wells Horizontal Wells -- Barnett ShaleBarnett Shale+/- 1,200,0000 - 4,000,000 Gallons (4,545-15,142 m3) Frac Fluid10-12% Pad, 75-80% .1 -.4 lb/gal, 10% 0.25-2 lb/gal Ramp20/40 Ottawa Sand and 40/70 Ottawa Sand(some 30/50 mesh Sand)

Total Rate = 70-200 BPM (11.1-31.8 m3/min)5 1/2” Casing (7” Casing for 150-200 BPM)Fresh Water and Friction ReducerAdditives May Include Biocide, Surfactant, Scale Inhibitor

(lbs)Conc.(ppa)

0.20

0.35

0.40

1.00

Pad





Type

Water Frac

Water Frac

Water Frac

Water Frac

Water Frac

Water Frac

Volume(gal)230000

60000

1200000

440000

95000

11680

12000

420000

176000

95000

Type

703000 2036680Totals

Stage(lbs)stage

12000

432000

608000

703000

TREATMENT SCHEDULE

5476.2 1428.6

28571.4 10476.2 2261.9 278.1

999.0 1736.5 1980.2 4821.8

1 2 3 4 5 6

00:45:3800:12:0004:01:5101:28:5200:19:4200:02:19

120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0

5476.2 6917.7

35941.6 46607.4 48971.6 49249.7

5476.2 1441.5

29023.9 10665.8 2364.2 278.1

Rates StagePumpTime

hh:mm:ss 120.0 118.9 118.1 117.9 114.8 120.0

Prop.Rate

(lb/min)

CleanFluid(bpm)

Cum.(bbls)

Stage(bbls)

Cum.(bbls)

Stage(bbls)

5476.2 6904.8

35476.2 45952.4 48214.3 48492.4

06:50:24Total Pump Time:

SurfaceTreatingPressure

(psi) 5458 5546 5612 5634 5896 5458

VolumeSlurry Fluid

stageSlurry

ReRe--Fracturing OpportunitiesFracturing Opportunities

Re-fracs of previously fractured Barnett Shale wells has proven to be successful

Re-fracs using ULW 125 proppants has provided interesting results

ReRe--Fracturing OpportunitiesFracturing OpportunitiesProduction Comparisons - Median before Refrac, Median after

Conventional Refrac, Median after ULW-125 Refrac

0100200300400500600700800900

1,0001,1001,2001,3001,4001,500

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Mcf

d

base median conv refrac median liteprop refrac median g20h

Completion & Stimulation Design Completion & Stimulation Design PhilosophiesPhilosophies

Well path considerations

Size casing for both production and stimulation

Utilize effective zonal isolation

Consider both induced and natural fracture azimuth

Plan should include re-stimulation methodology

Analyze successful stimulation trends

Treatment volume; fluid and proppant, has a direct impact on results

Proppant Settling and TransportProppant Settling and Transport

Stoke’s Law (Modified)

Vfall= 1.15 X 103 (d2prop/viscfluid) (SGprop-SGfluid)

Vfall = Settling Rated2

prop = Avg. Particle Diameterviscfluid = Fluid ViscositySGprop = Particle Specific GravitySGfluid = Fluid Specific Gravity

Proppant SettlingProppant SettlingAverage Particle Size– 20/40 Mesh 0.0248 (in) 0.63 (mm)– 40/70 Mesh 0.0124 (in) 0.315 (mm)– 45/65 Mesh 0.0114 (in) 0.281 (mm)

Specific Gravity– Bauxite 3.65 g/cm2

– Sand 2.65 g/cm2

– ULW-125 1.25 g/cm2

Settling Velocity of Various Settling Velocity of Various Proppants In SlickwaterProppants In Slickwater

2 0 /4 0 P ro p p an tS p ec ificG ra v ity

S e ttlin g V elo c ity f t/m in m /m in

B a u x ite 3 .6 5 2 3 .2 7 .0 7W h ite S a n d 2 .6 5 1 6 .6 5 .0 6R esin C o a ted S a n d 2 .5 5 1 5 .9 4 .8 5U L W -1 2 5 1 .2 5 4 .3 1 .3 1

4 0 /7 0 P ro p p an tS p ec ificG ra v ity

S e ttlin g V elo c ity F t/m in m /m in

B a u x ite 3 .6 5 6 .0 1 .8 3W h ite S a n d 2 .6 5 4 .4 1 .3 4R esin C o a ted S a n d 2 .5 5 4 .2 1 .2 84 5 /6 5 U L W -1 2 5 1 .2 5 1 .2 0 .3 6 6

Consideration During StimulationConsideration During Stimulation

Procedure should anticipate treating

variations

Build in flexibility chemical & mechanical

diversion

Develop procedure to optimize fluid and

proppant volume.

Consider scale and corrosion issues

Treating pressure should guide your

Slickwater Fracture ModelingSlickwater Fracture Modeling

Perform Pump in, Step Down, and

FET(Fluid Efficiency Test) to validate the

Model and Design

Model Should Consider Non-Wall

building fluid character and proppant

transport

Recent Changes and Recent Changes and ConsiderationsConsiderations

Use of 40/70 ProppantUse of Ultra Light Weight ProppantsLinear Gel vs. SlickwaterUse of Material to Eliminate Proppant FlowbackHybrid Treatments - Slickwater Pads, Linear Fluids, Light Crosslinked GelsDesign Based on Well Conditions and Success

Proppant Settling VelocityProppant Settling Velocity

23.2

2017.2 16.6 15.9

11.2

4.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

Vt ft/min

Bauxite 3.65 ISP 3.15 Carbolite 2.73 Sand 2.65RCS 2.55 LiteProp 175 LiteProp 125

Slickwater Frac Completions Slickwater Frac Completions SummarySummary

Reservoir Quality is Key to SuccessSlickwater Fracs are Successful More Proppant Makes Better WellsSlickwater Fracs in Tight Gas Sands Can be Very Statistical The Optimum Treatment is Based on Customers Economics and Return On Investment

Slickwater Frac Completions Slickwater Frac Completions Summary ConSummary Con’’tt

More Proppant Has Shown to Increase Fluid Recovery and Improve Production 40/70 Proppant Allows Higher Concentrations and Increased ConductivityTreatment Volume Optimization of Both Fluid and Proppant is Critical Additional Work Needs to Be Performed to Establish Successful Completions Where Little to No Barrier Exists and Evaluate Long Term Results

Questions?Questions?

the application and technology of slickwater fracturing

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