skeleton ppt aw

OBHS Physical OBHS Physical EducationEducation

ANATOMY – The Skeletal ANATOMY – The Skeletal SystemSystem

5 Major Functions5 Major Functions

There are five major functions of the skeleton:

Remember : Should Mothers Protect Babies Skins

1. Shape and support

2. Movement

3. Protection

4. Blood Production

5. Storage

• Shape and Support - This is our body's framework. It provides shape for our body, holds our vital organs in place and allows us to have a good posture.

• Movement - Our muscles are attached to our bones in a way which allows movement.

• Protection - Protects our delicate organs e.g.-SKULL protects the BRAIN. RIB CAGE protects the HEART and LUNGS etc.

• Blood Production - Red and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow found in many bones. RED CELLS carry oxygen to the muscles to enable them to work. They are red in colour because they carry haemoglobin. WHITE CELLS fight infection in the body.

• Storage- minerals like calcium are stored in the bones to add

strength

Main BonesMain Bones

1. Cranium2. Scapula3. Clavicle4. Humerus5. Pelvis6. Sternum7. Ribs8. Vertebrae9. Radius

10. Ulna

11. Carpals & Metacarpals

12. Phalanges13. Femur14. Patella15. Tibia16. Fibula17. Tarsals &

Metatarsals18. Phalanges

Don’t be confused…Don’t be confused…

The FootThe Foot Metatarsals - foot Tarsals - ankle –

think “T” for “toes”

The HandThe Hand Carpals - wrist bones

Metacarpals – hand

The ChestThe Chest Clavicle – collar boneScapula – shoulder blade

The LegThe Leg Fibula - small lower Tibia - large lower Patella - knee

The ArmThe Arm Radius - thumb side lower Ulna - finger side lower Humerus - upper arm – “funny bone”

JointsJoints

Where bones meet they form JOINTS.Where bones meet they form JOINTS.

The movement of the skeleton is helped by The movement of the skeleton is helped by

joints. There are THREE kinds of joints:joints. There are THREE kinds of joints:

• FibrousFibrous (non-moving e.g.- skull) (non-moving e.g.- skull)• CartilagenousCartilagenous (limited movement e.g.- (limited movement e.g.-

vertebrae of spine)vertebrae of spine)• SynovialSynovial (a range of movements are (a range of movements are

available)available)

Synovial JointsSynovial JointsMost moving joints are SYNOVIAL JOINTS. They are very complex structures. The Bones are linked together by ligaments and allow a wide range of movements.

The knee is an example of a synovial joint

Features of a synovial joint include:

Synovial fluidSynovial fluid – Lubricates the joint

Synovial MembraneSynovial Membrane – Seals the joint

Synovial CapsuleSynovial Capsule - Surround the joint to prevent leakage

Connective tissueConnective tissueJoints are moved by muscles and

bones. These are attached by

LIGAMENTS and TENDONS.

LIGAMENTS attach bone

to bone.

TENDONS attach muscle

to bone.

e.g.- The knee joint. Movements other than flexion/extension can cause serious ligament damage in hinge joints like the knee. In contact sports like rugby these ligaments are often strained by forces acting in other directions.

Joints Cont’dJoints Cont’dJoints can be separated into FOUR Joints can be separated into FOUR categories:categories:

Ball and Socket joint

Hinge joint

Gliding joint

Pivot joint

Ball and SocketBall and SocketTwo examples of this joint in the human body are the hip Two examples of this joint in the human body are the hip

and shoulder joints. The rounded head of one bone fits and shoulder joints. The rounded head of one bone fits

into a cup-shaped socket of another. This joint allows the into a cup-shaped socket of another. This joint allows the

greatest range of movement.greatest range of movement.

Pelvis

Femur

HingeHingeTwo examples of this type of joint include those found at the Two examples of this type of joint include those found at the

knee and elbow. Try flexing (bending) and extending them.knee and elbow. Try flexing (bending) and extending them.

You will find that the movement of the joint can only occur in You will find that the movement of the joint can only occur in

one direction, just like the hinge of a door.one direction, just like the hinge of a door.

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

GlidingGlidingIn this type of joint, two surfaces which are flat rub against each other. These small bones can move over one another to increase flexibility of the hands for example. They are stopped from moving too far by strong ligaments.

Carpals

PivotPivotThis joint is made when one bone twists against another.

These are found in the spine. They also allow the head to

turn, raise and lower.

Types of MovementTypes of Movement

There are many types of movement that the There are many types of movement that the skeleton and muscles can produce. The following skeleton and muscles can produce. The following are the most common:are the most common:• FlexionFlexion• ExtensionExtension• RotationRotation• AbductionAbduction• AdductionAdduction• DorsiflexionDorsiflexion• PlantarflexionPlantarflexion

Types of Movement cont’dTypes of Movement cont’d

FLEXION – Bending the joint. E.g. Bending the knee or elbow. BALL and SOCKET and HINGE are the main joint types that can produce this movement.

Types of Movement cont’dTypes of Movement cont’d

EXTENSION of a joint is where the joint is straightened.

BALL and SOCKET and HINGE joints are common

examples of joints that can produce this movement.

Straightening the leg when striking a ball is an example of EXTENSION at the knee (HINGE JOINT)

Types of Movement cont’dTypes of Movement cont’dThe ROTATION movement can occur at a BALL and SOCKET and a PIVOT joint. e.g. turning the head or the movement at the shoulder when swimming backstroke.

Types of Movement cont’dTypes of Movement cont’dABDUCTION and ADDUCTION movements can be produced by BALL and SOCKET joints. ABDUCTION is where a limb moves away from the centre of the body.

ADDUCTION is where the limb is moved TOWARDS the centre of the body.

Joints and PerformanceJoints and PerformanceInjuries to joints can occur from:• Over use (Too much training)• Incorrect movement injuries (e.g.-wrong techniques)• Impact or twisting (e.g.-twist of knee or elbow from a

tackle or collision)

Such injuries should be iced immediately, given plenty rest, elevated and compressed to aid recovery and avoid permanent damage.

sports injuries clip