sintef energy research 1 fault ride-through testing of wind turbines presented by: olve mo paper...
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1SINTEF Energy Research
Fault ride-through testing of wind turbines
Presented by: Olve Mo
Paper co-authors: John Olav TandeLeif WarlandKjell Ljøkelsøy
SINTEF Energy Research, Norway
2SINTEF Energy Research
Background
Grid codes now require wind farms to ride-through temporarily grid voltage dips (faults).
Full scale tests against different grid codes is not practical
IEC 61400-21 ed2 (CD 2006) presents a standardized test for characterizing the wind turbine response to a voltage dip
The result of the standardized tests can be used to validate a numerical simulation model of the wind turbine.
The validated simulation model can then to be used to check compliance to different grid codes
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Scope
Can numerical simulations models be used to accurately predict ride-through capabilities of a fixed speed, direct connected induction generators?
Will the results of the new standardized test provide useful results for validation of such models?
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Voltage shape Type of fault Generator production
20% power Three phase
100% power
20% power
U
t
400ms
90%
Two phase
100% power
20% power Three phase
100% power
20% power
U
t
400ms
50%
Two phase
100% power
IEC 61400-21 ed2 (CD 2006)
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Laboratory test setupGenerator Motor
Thyristor stack(short circuit)
IG
400V50Hz AC
AC
400V50Hz
Short circuitemulator
Wind turbineemulator
55kW Torque command
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4.1 4.15 4.2 4.25 4.3 4.35 4.4 4.45 4.5 4.55 4.60
50
100
150
200
250U rms
Short circuit emulator only (IG discon.)
4.1 4.15 4.2 4.25 4.3 4.35 4.4 4.45 4.5 4.55 4.6-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
Ugen1
Ugen2Ugen3
3.7 3.75 3.8 3.85 3.9 3.95 4 4.05 4.1 4.15 4.20
50
100
150
200
250U rms
3.7 3.75 3.8 3.85 3.9 3.95 4 4.05 4.1 4.15 4.2-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400Ugen1
Ugen2Ugen3
Instantaneousvoltage
Fundamentalpositive
sequencevoltage
Small dip setup Large dip setup
55%90%
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Numerical simulation model
Model of laboratory set-up
PSCAD/EMTDC Simulation tool (Instantaneous value, time domain simulation tool)
Standard PSCAD induction machine model used (7th order model)
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5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.90
50
100
150
200
250
U rms measureed
U rms simulated
5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.90
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
I rms measured
I rms simulated
5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0x 10
4
P [W] measured
P [W] simulated
5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.90
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9x 10
4
Q [VAr] measured
Q [VAr] simulated
Comparison (small dip, ride through succeeded)
Fundamentalpositive
sequence
Voltage
Current
Active power
Reactive power
--- Measured--- Simulated
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5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.50
50
100
150
200
250
U rms measureed
U rms simulated
5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.50
50
100
150
200
250
I rms measured
I rms simulated
5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1x 10
4
P [W] measured
P [W] simulated
5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8x 10
4
Q [VAr] measured
Q [VAr] simulated
Comparison (large dip, ride through failed)
Fundamentalpositive
sequence
Voltage
Current
Active power
Reactive power
--- Measured--- Simulated
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Determination of ride-through limit
Reapplied large voltage dip with successively reduced torque setting until the generator was able to ride-through the voltage dip:
Very promising result for the use of simulations to assess fault ride through capabilities !
Turbine torque / generator production prior and during fault
Simulation Laboratory
100% Ride-through fails Ride-through fails 87.5% Ride-through fails Ride-through fails 86% Ride-through succeeds Ride-through succeeds
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Large dip, 86% torque (ride through succeeded)
Large dip, 87.5% torque (ride through failed)
4.5 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.9 60
50
100
150
200
250
I rms measured
I rms simulated
4.5 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.9 60
50
100
150
200
250U rms measureed
U rms simulated
4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.60
50
100
150
200
250
U rms measureed
U rms simulated
4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.60
50
100
150
200
250
I rms measured
I rms simulated
Fundamentalpositive
sequence Current
Voltage
--- Measured--- Simulated
Voltage
Current
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Conclusions
Simulations and laboratory measurements shows excellent agreement
Validated simulation models can accurately predict fault ride-through capability of direct grid connected induction generators
Test results from a standard test will be useful for model validation provided detailed data of both wind turbine and test equivalent are found in the test report.
More advanced wind turbines may be more challenging (doubly fed induction generator, power electronic converter control, fast pitch systems, fast acting digital protection systems)
Is it possible to get desired accuracy using simpler phasor type models ?? (e.g. PSSE)
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