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RUSSIAN REVOLTS AND REVOLUTIONS
Revolts & Revolutions
• 1800s: Russia was full of tension
• Society had become more educated & wanted radical change– Serfs– Nobles
Alexander I
• 1801: Alexander I took the throne – Eased censorship– Promoted edu. – Talked of freeing
serfs
• Took back reform ideas after Napoleon’s invasion
Decembrist Revolt
• 1825: army officer uprising – Took liberal ideas
from Napoleon – Demanded
constitution
Decembrist Revolt
• Lack of proper planning doomed the revolt
• Nicholas I - put down revolt – 150,000 exiled to Siberia – Banned books from W. Europe
• Revolutionary leaders became heroes in Russian society
Alexander II
• Initiated a series of measures to Modernize Russia – Improved infrastructure
• 1861: freed all serfs– Problem: freed serfs had to buy land
Alexander II
• Many groups were angered by reforms he tried to make
• Several attempts were made on his life
• March 1881: Alexander II was assassinated
Marxism
• German philosopher • Wrote the Communist Manifesto with
Friedrich Engels • Believed that workers or the proletariat
should unite & overthrow capitalist governments
• Communism: a classless society where everyone’s needs are taken care of
Revolution of 1905
• 1904: Russo/Japanese war – Stunning defeat of Russia
• News of military loss led to protest by workers – Strikes for better wages & hours
Bloody Sunday
• Father Georgi Gapon
• Sunday: Jan. 22 – Organized workers
for a peaceful march
• Czar Nicholas feared marchers & fled – Fired on by guards
The Revolution of 1905
• Discontent Across Russia due to Bloody Sunday – Strikes – Workers took over
local government – Peasants looted &
burned homes
Revolution of 1905
• Nicholas was forced to make reforms
• October Manifesto
Effects of Revolution
• Nicholas failed to solve Russia’s basic political & economic problems
• Discontent sparked new revolts
Affects of Revolution
• 1914: World War I broke out
• United Russians together – Army went to war – Russia’s resources
were strained
World War I
• 1915: Many soldiers had no ammo or supplies – 2 million casualities
• Nicholas went to the front lines – Left his wife Alexandra in charge
Affects of WWI
• Alexandra began to rely on Rasputin – Both threw the
government into chaos
Rasputin
Revolution of 1917
• March • Origins: food riots & strikes • Czar ordered soldiers to intervene
– Instead they joined the rebellion – Forced to abdicate on March 17
• Duma set up a provisional government • Soviets or councils were set up to
challenge the government
LENIN
Lenin & The Bolsheviks• Vladimir Lenin
– Began hating the Czar’s government as a teenager
• During college read Marx & began spreading ideas
• 1895: arrested & sent to Siberia – Exiled to Switzerland
A new view of Marx
• Marx predicted the working class would overthrow capitalism – Russia didn’t have a large proletariat
• Lenin called for an elite group to lead revolution – Bolsheviks or “majority”
Lenin & Germany
• March 1917- Germany saw a chance to weaken its enemy – Help Lenin return home
November/Bolshevik Revolution
• Red Army (factory workers pro-revolution)– Joined by sailors to help
overthrow provisional government
• Fell without a struggle
• Bolsheviks came into power – Ended private ownership of land – Workers gained control of factories &
mines
Brest-Letovsk Treaty
• Lenin Quickly sought peace with Germany – Signed treaty
• Gave up land & population
THE TREATY
NEW BOARDERS
Russia Civil War
• Red Army v. White Army
• 1918-1922
LENIN CLEANING THE EARTH OF FILTH
OVER 1 MILLION PEOPLE WAITED TO SAY LAST GOOD-BYE
LENIN’S MAUSOLEUM IN RED SQUARE
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