results section in scientific manuscripts
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Results Section
in Scientific Manuscripts
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Developing
Writing
Developing
Research
Skills
Developing
Reading
Enriching
Vocabulary
SA
A
U
D
SD
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10
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30
40
Blogging Chatting Searching
Resources
Sending
files
Never
Sometimes
Often
Usually
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What to write in Results Section
Results are general statements that present thekey results (data) of the research withoutinterpreting their meaning, including results of
statistical analyses (rejection or acceptance of thenull and alternative hypothesis )
The information included is not the raw data, butthe ones presented as text, illustrations(chart,
graphs) and tables (these three forms may beused, but the same data should not be repeatedin more than one form).
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Guidelines in writing the Results Section
1. It is not necessary to include all the collected data during the research. This isn't a diary.Select and emphasize only important and relevant data that will answer the question or
solve the problem raised in the Introduction section.
2. Do not include information properly belonging to other sections of the paper such asMaterials and Methods, or Discussions (if Results and Discussions are separated).
3. Prevent repeating the legends for figures or the titles of tables in the text.
4. Explain in the text only those illustrations and tables whose significance is not obvious tothe reader. Important features that are readily apparent from the illustrations and tables
should be pointed out in the text. Therefore, do not repeat the data presented in theillustrations and tables.
5. Be sure that the text, illustrations, and tables are consistent with one another. Make surethat all numerical values in all every table agree with the figures or data presented in it.
6. Analyze your data by statistical methods, if appropriate.
7. Be honest. Do not omit data that do not support your hypothesis and conclusion or do
not answer the research question.
8. A sentence should not begin with a numeral or symbol. A numeral or symbol beginning asentence should be spelled out, or the sentence rewritten.
9. Use the past tense of verbs in the Results section, but use the present tense whenreferring to figures and tables.
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Collected Data (n= 54)
No STATEMENTS
RESPONSES
SA A N D SD
1 Grammar plays an important role in the
study of English. 38 13 0 3 0
2 The knowledge of English grammar is
indispensable for using the language to
communicate.4 12 4 18 16
3 It is possible to speak English well
without any grammatical knowledge
30 10 8 3 3
4 It is possible to write English well without
any grammatical knowledge0 7 14 14 19
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Processed & Tabulated Data (n= 54)
No STATEMENTS
RESPONSES
XSA A N D SD
f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%)
1 Grammar plays an important role in the
study of English. 38 (70) 13 (25) 0 (0) 3 (5) 0 (0) 4.59
2 The knowledge of English grammar is
indispensable for using the language to
communicate.4 (7) 12 (23) 4 (7) 18 (33) 16 (30) 2.44
3 It is possible to speak English well
without any grammatical knowledge
30 (56) 10 (18) 8 (16) 3 (5) 3 (5) 4.12
4 It is possible to write English well
without any grammatical knowledge0 7 (13) 14 (26) 14 (26) 19 (35) 2.16
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Stating Data into Words (1)
No STATEMENTSRESPONSES
XSA A N D SD
f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%)
1 Grammar plays an important role in
the study of English. 38 (70) 13 (25) 0 (0) 3 (5) 0 (0) 4.59
The distribution of the respondents view (as shown in item 1 of
table 1 above) revealed that the students view on the
importance of grammar in English learning and use was very
high. The findings denoted that 70% of the respondentsstrongly agreed, 25% agreed; and only the rest 8% disagreed.
The average obtained for this particular point is 4.59 on a scale
from 1 to 5.
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No STATEMENTSRESPONSES
XSA A N D SD
f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%)
2 The knowledge of English grammar is
indispensable for using the language to
communicate.
4 (7) 12 (23) 4 (7) 18 (33) 16 (30) 2.44
The findings related to the students view on the importance of grammar in
communication revealed that to 63% of the respondents viewed grammar
does not play an important role in the use of English to communicate. Only
7% of them strongly agreed and 23% agreed that the knowledge of English
grammar is indispensable for using the language to communicate. This is inline with the average of 4.12 (on a scale from 1 to 5) obtained from their
affirmation to the possibility of speaking well in English without grammatical
knowledge (see item 2 of table 1 above).
Stating Data into Words (2)
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Stating Data into Words (4)
No STATEMENTSRESPONSES
XSA A N D SD
f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%) f (%)
4 It is possible to write English well
without any grammatical knowledge 0 7 (13) 14 (26) 14 (26) 19 (35) 2.16
The distribution of the respondents view on the possibility of
writing well in English without mastering the grammar denoted
that 61% of the respondents strongly disagreed and disagreed
that it is possible to write well in English without mastering thegrammar. Only 13% of them viewed it is possible to write well
without mastering the grammar. This is strengthened by the
low average, i.e. 2.16 obtained from this response.
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No STATEMENTS 18-29 y.o. 30-49 y.o. 50-64 y.o. 65 y.o.yes no yes no yes no yes no
1. Do you attend worship services
at least once a week ?
1,340 2,902 4,256 7,567 4,193 6,291 4,317 3,829
2. Do you read the Scripture at least
once a week ?
1,145 3,097 3,901 7,922 3,879 6,605 3,502 4,644
3. Do you pray every day? 2,036 2,206 6,620 5,203 6,395 4,089 5,539 2,607
4. Do you think religion very
important in your life?
1,908 2,334 6,384 5,439 6,185 4,299 5,620 2,526
5. Do you really believe in Gods
existence?
2714 1,528 8,394 3,429 7,653 2,831 6,272 1,874
A survey about religious life was conducted in USA in 2007. The 35,556
respondents were classified into four age-groups. First, those of 18-29 years old (4,242
persons); second, 30-49 years old (11,823 persons); third, 50-64 years old (10,484
persons); and fourth, 65 years old or more (8,146 persons). The responses obtained
are presented in the table below.
Use the data to write the results section of a scientific manuscript. You need to
process the data before presenting them in words.
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