respiratory diseases

RESPIRATORY DISEASES

PPT HEK SCIENCE DEPT

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ASTHMA

BRONCHITIS

EMPHYSEMA

PNEUMONIA

ASP. PNEUMONIA

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

PNEUMOCONIOSIS

ARDS

PUL EMBOLISM

PUL INFARCT

RESPIRATORY

DISEASES

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ASTHMA

BRONCHITIS

EMPHYSEMA

ASTHMA

• A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASE WITH: OBSTRUCTION, INFLAMMATION AND HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS.

• SYMPTOMS: WHEEZING, DYSPNEA, COUGH AND MUCOID SPUTUM.

• CAUSE IS NOT KNOWN BUT INVOLVES CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES, MUCUS AND SWELLING OF AIRWAYS.

IgE attaches to mast and basophil cells

Plasma cell

IgE

Allergens:dust pollen, foods.

Next time allergens enter the body they are attracted to IgE on mast cells and cause a release of histamine which causes bronchoconstriction and vasodilatation.

Allergic reaction:

= Release of histamine

antigens

ASTHMA SYMPTOMS

• WHEEZING• CYANOSIS• IRRITABLE• RESP RATE• SWEATING• O2 SAT<90-92%• UNABLE TO TALK

MORE THAN A FEW WORDS AT A TIME.

PEAK FLOW TEST

PEFR:

PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE

A DROP IN 50-60% IS INDICATION OF A SEVERE ATTACK.

TREATMENT

• BETA-ADRENERGIC AGENTS - CAUSE BRONCHIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION AND INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS, SUBSTANCES. (Albuterol).

• THEOPHYLLINE – BRONCHODILATOR. ORIGINALLY DERIVED FROM TEA LEAVES.

• CORTICOSTEROIDS - REDUCE INFLAMMATION.

• O2 THERAPY• ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC INFECTION.

BRONCHITIS

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRONCHI. OFTEN FOLLOWS A COLD OR ANY INFECTION OF NOSE AND THROAT. AGGRAVATED BY SMOKING OR SMOKE, DUST AND CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT

BRONCHITIS SYMPTOMS

• COUGH WORSE IN AM WITH CLEAR MUCOUS SPUTUM.

• BECOMES THICKER YELLOW IF INFECTION OCCURS

• FEVER SUGGESTS BACTERIAL INFECTION.

BRONCHIAL GLAND WITH EXCESS MUCOUS

MUCOUS PLUG

BRONCHITIS TREATMENT

• REST• FLUIDS• ANTIPYRETIC

FOR FEVERS• ANTIBIOTICS FOR

PURULENT SPUTUM WHEN HIGH FEVER PERSISTS.

EMPHYSEMA

• CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE IN WHICH AIR SACS DEGENERATE UNTIL ELASTIC FIBERS ARE DESTROYED. LEADS TO A DECREASE IN LUNG ELASTICITY, RESULTING IN ACCUMULATION OF CO2 IN THE LUNGS POST EXHALATION.

EMPHYSEMA CAUSES AN OVER-INFLATION OF THE ALVEOLI RESULTING FROM A

BREAKDOWN OF THE WALLS WITH DECREASED RESPIRATORY FUNCTION.

DAMAGE TO ALVEOLI IS IRREVERSIBLE AND RESULTS IN

HOLES AND BULLAE IN LUNG TISSUE

BULLAE

MOTH-EATEN

APPEARANCE

ETIOLOGY

• SMOKING

• ADV. STAGE OF BRONCHITIS

• MAY FOLLOW ASTHMA AND TB

• ATT-ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY RELATED EMPHYSEMA

HOW SERIOUS IS EMPHYSEMA?

• 2.8 MILLION AMERICANS

• RANKS 15th AMONG CHRONIC CONDITIONS TO ACTIVITY LIMITATIONS

• MEN HAVE HIGHER RATES 53% HIGHER THAN FEMALES

SYMPTOMS

• INCREASING SOB• COUGH• SPUTUM

PRODUCTION• PROLONGED

EXPIRATION• ANOREXIA• WT LOSS• MALAISE

SMOKERS LUNG

OLD PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST

MODERN PFT

TREATMENT

• NO CURE

• STOP SMOKING

• BRONCHODILATOR DRUGS

• ANTIBIOTICS

• TREAT WITH A1P1 FOR THOSE WHO HAVE DEFICIENCY

• LUNG TRANSPLANT

• LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION

• BREATHING EXERCISES & PD

EMPHYSEMA PATIENT

BARREL CHEST

PERCUSSION

ARDS

• A FAILURE OF THE RESP SYS BY FLUID ACCUMULATION WITHIN THE LUNGS THAT CAUSE THEM TO STIFFEN. CAUSES BLOOD VESSELS TO “LEAK” INTO THE LUNGS

• ETIOLOGIES: TRAUMA, SHOCK, BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS, HEAD INJURY, SMOKE INHALATION AND NEAR DROWNING.

• UPON XRAY LUNGS BECOME WHITED-OUT

ARDS SYMPTOMS &TREATMENT

• RAPID BREATHING• NASAL FLARING• CYANOSIS• DYSPNEA• ANXIETY AND STRESS• APNEA AT TIMES• RALES, RHONCHI

AND WHEEZES

• SURVIVAL RATE IS 50% WITH 90% HAVINGA CARDIAC ARREST

• O2 AT 100% IS ADMINISTERED INTUBATION AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION

• MEDS TO REDUCE INFLAMMATION

ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA

ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA

• ABNORMAL ENTRY OF FLUIDS: VOMIT, BILE, ACIDS INTO THE LUNGS.

• TAKES COURSE SIMILAR TO ARDS• SAME TYPE OF TREATMENT IS REQUIRED

TO GIVE RESPIRATORY SUPPORT WITH O2 AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION.

• FREQUENT SUCTIONING IS DONE EARLY IN THE COURSE OF TREATMENT.

• ANTIBIOTICS FOR ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

PNEUMONIA• INFLAMMATION OF THE

LUNGS DUE TO BACT, VIRUSES OR CHEM IRRITANTS

• MOST COMMON TYPE IS BACT PNEUMONIA FROM STREP. PNEUMONIAE

• OCCURS WHEN THE BODY IS WEAKENED FROM ILLNESS, MALNUTRITION, OLD AGE

SYMPTOMS

• CHILLS, HIGH FEVER• CHEST PAIN• PRUNE COLORED

SPUTUM• SWEATING• RAPID PULSE AND

BREATHING• CYANOSIS• CONFUSED MENTAL

STATE.

TREATMENT: ANTIBIOTICS, O2, NEBULIZER, POSTURAL DRAINAGE, NUTRITION, FLUIDS VACCINES.

VACCINATION

NEXT

PNEUMOCONIOSESOCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

• INHALATION OF PARTICLES: DUSTS, SILICA, ASBESTOS, COAL, IRON OXIDES, COTTON, FLAX

• PARTICLES DEPOSITED DEPEND ON SEDIMENTATION, INERTIAL IMPACTION AND DIFFUSION

PATHOLOGY OF DISEASE

INHALED

PARTICULATESPROLIFERATIONOF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DUE TO IRRITATION

COLLAGEN FORMATION & COALESCING OF NODULES

END RESULT IS LUNG AND HEART FAILURE

NODULE OF DUST

TYPES OF PNEUMCONIOSES

• SILICOSIS

• ASBESTOSIS

• ANTHRACOSIS

• SIDEROSIS

• BAGASOSSIS

• BYSSINOSIS

ASBESTOS FIBERS

SYMPTOMS

• SOB RELATED TO SIZE OF NODULES

• WHEEZING• COUGH• DYSPNEA• WEIGHT LOSS• EXCESS SPUTUM• REDUCED EXERCISE

TOLERANCE

TREATMENT

• DUST SUPPRESSION

• TREAT SYMPTOMS

• SIMILAR TO COPD TREATMENT

• ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC. INFECTION

• O2 THERAPY

• NEB AND STEROIDS

CITY LUNG

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

• INHERITED AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE TRAIT OCCURRING IN ABOUT 5% OF POP.

• A DISEASE OF EXOCRINE GLANDS WHICH HYPER-SECRETE PRIMARILY AFFECTING RESPIRATORY AND GI SYSTEMS

• MOST COMMON LETHAL GENETIC DIS. IN WHITE POP.

SYMPTOMS

ABN SWEAT AND MUCOUS GLANDS WITH LOSS OF NaCl CAN CAUSE: ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE, ARRHYTHMIAS, SHOCK.

THICK MUCOUS CAUSES: RESP INFECTION, DYSPNEA, LUNG DISEASE, MALNUTRITION & POOR GROWTH.

CHEST PHYSICAL THERAPY

NEBULIZER DELIVERY OF BRONCHODILATORS

TREATMENT OF CF

• PT• EXERCISE TO

LOOSEN MUCUS AND STIMULATE COUGHING

• BRONCHODILATORS• O2 THERAPY• ANTIBIOTICS FOR

SEC. INF.• NUTRITION AND

VITAMINS• LUNG TRANSPLANT

PULMONARY EMBOLUS

• SUDDEN LODGEMENT OF A BLOOD CLOT WITH OBSTRUCTION OF BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE LUNG PARENCHYMA.

• CAN LEAD TO NECROSIS OF LUNG TISSUE = PUL. INFARCT

SYMPTOMS & TREATMENT

• SYMPTOMS:VARY IN FREQ. & INTENSITY

• TACHYPNEA

• SUBSTERNAL CHEST PAIN

• HYPOXEMIA

• TREATMENT: ANALGESICS, HEPARIN (WATCH FOR BLEEDING), O2, SEDATIVES, PUL. EMBOLECTOMY.

PhotoGallery

bulbous emphysemaanthracosis

bronchopneumonia

PhotoGallery

CF bronchiectasis

PhotoGallery

emphysema

PhotoGalleryPul embolus Pul infarct

PhotoGallery

pneumonia

PhotoGallery

siderosis

PhotoGallery

Status asthmaticus

PhotoGallery

TB Lung transplant

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

• www.pediatriconall.com

• www.courier-journal.com

• www.fpnotebook.com

• www.itc.csmd.edu

• //krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu

• www.merck.com

• med-lab.utah.edu