respiratory anat online

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Overview of Chapter 21 part I

Organs of the superior respiratory system

tissues

Organs of the inferior respiratory system

tissues

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Respiration

• The main function of the respiratory system is respiration

• supply O2 to cells and dispose of CO2 from body

• Involves both respiratory and circulatory systems

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Respiration

1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing):air movement into and out of the lungs

2. External respiration: O2 and CO2

exchange, lungs : blood

3. Transport: O2 and CO2 in blood

4. Internal respiration: O2 and CO2

exchange, blood : tissues

Respiratorysystem

Circulatorysystem

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Respiratory System: Functional Anatomy

Major organs

• Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi and their branches

• Lungs and alveoli

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.1

Nasal cavity

NostrilOral cavityPharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Carina of trachea

Left bronchus

Right bronchus

Right lung

Left lung

Diaphragm

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The Nose

• Provides an airway

• Moistens and warms entering air

• Filters and cleans air

• Resonating chamber for speech

• Houses olfactory receptors

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The NoseTwo regions

1.External nose: root, bridge, and apex

• Philtrum

• a groove below noseon upper lip

• Nostrils (nares)

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The Nose

Nasal pharynx

ethmoid

sphenoid

Hard palate

Soft palate

Nasal conchae

2. Nasal cavity:

• Location:

• Divided by nasal septum (R &L)

• Open posteriorly to nasaopharynx

• Roof: ethmoid and sphenoid bones

• Floor: hard and soft palates

• Contains nasal conchae

• Superior, middle & inferior

• Helps to circulate air

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Nasal Tissues

• Olfactory mucosa

• Lines the superior nasal cavity

• Contains smell receptors

• Respiratory mucosa

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

• Mucous

• Cilia move mucus to back of throat

• Sensory nerves triggers sneezing

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PharynxMuscular tube

1.Nasopharynx

• nasal cavity

2.Oropharynx

• mouth

3.Laryngopharynx

• larynx

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Nasopharynx

• Posterior nasal cavity

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

• Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) on superior posterior wall

• Uvula and soft palate

• Inferior border

• close during swallowing

• Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes

• on lateral walls

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Oropharynx• From the soft palate to the epiglottis

• stratified squamous epithelium

• Isthmus of the fauces (opening to the oral cavity)

• Palatine tonsils lateral walls of fauces

• Lingual tonsil posterior of tongue

Laryngopharynx

• From the epiglottis to the larynx

• continuous with the esophagus

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.3c

Nasopharynx

Uvula

Palatine tonsilIsthmus of thefauces

Opening ofpharyngotympanictube

Pharyngeal tonsil

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Esophagus

(c) Illustration

Hard palate

Soft palate

Tongue

Lingual tonsil

Hyoid bone

Trachea

Pharynx

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Larynx

• Composed of 9 cartilages

• Superior region of the trachea

• Voice production

• Separates trachea from esophagus

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LarynxCartilages of the larynx

• Thyroid cartilage

• laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)

• Cricoid cartilage - ring-shaped

• Arytenoid, cuneiform, and corniculate cartilages

• All paired

• Epiglottis

• elastic cartilage

• covers the larynx during swallowing

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Epiglottis

Tracheal cartilages

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Larynx

Voice production

•Vocal ligaments

• Attach arytenoid cartilages : thyroid cartilage

• Form vocal folds (vocal cords)

• Air pushes forced through glottis (opening)

• vibrate to produce sound

• Vestibular folds (false cords)

• Superior to ligaments, for swalloing

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.5

(a) Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis

(b) Vocal folds in open position; open glottis

Base of tongue

Epiglottis

Vestibular fold(false vocal cord) Vocal fold(true vocal cord)

Glottis

Inner lining of trachea

Cuneiform cartilage

Corniculate cartilage

Voice Production

Anything other than air passing through causes a “cough” reflex

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Trachea

• Windpipe: from larynx to mediastinum

• Tissues

• Inner lining: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

• Outer lining: fibrous connective tissue

• Cartilage

• After cricoid all cartilages are incomplete rings

• Open towards esophagus

• Allows expansion

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.6a

(a) Cross section of the trachea and esophagus

Hyaline cartilage

Mucosa

Posterior

Lumen of trachea

Anterior

Esophagus

Adventitia

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Lower Respiratory System

Trachea divides into right and left main bronchi

• One for each lung (primary)

•Main bronchus branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi

• three right, two left

• Each lobar supplies one lobe

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Lower Respiratory System

• Lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi

• Segmental bronchi divide repeatedly

• Bronchioles small conduits

• Entire structure is the respiratory tree

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Alveolar sacs

• Terminal bronchioles subdivide into alveolar ducts

• Contain alveolar sacs

• alveoli = one sac

• majority of lung volume

• Site of gas exchange

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Respiratory Membrane

• Air-blood barrier (0.5 µm thick)

• Alveolar and capillary walls

• Alveolar walls

• Single layer of squamous epithelium

• Capillary walls

• Single layer of endothelium

• Share a single basement membrane

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.9a

Elasticfibers

(a) Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships

Smoothmuscle

Alveolus

Capillaries

Terminal bronchiole

Respiratory bronchiole

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.9c

Capillary

Type II (surfactant-secreting) cell

Type I cellof alveolar wall

Endothelial cell nucleusMacrophage

Alveoli (gas-filledair spaces)

Red blood cellin capillary

Alveolar pores

Capillary endothelium

Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epitheliumand the capillary endothelium

Alveolar epithelium

Respiratorymembrane

Red blood cell

O2

AlveolusCO2

Capillary

Alveolus

Nucleus of type I(squamousepithelial) cell

(c) Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane

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LUNGS

Major organs of the respiratory system

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Lungs

• Occupy majority of thoracic cavity

• Lung regions:

• Root: bronchial attachment site

• Costal surface

• Apex: superior tip

• Base: rests on diaphragm

• Hilum: on mediastinal surface

• Cardiac notch of left lung: accommodates the heart

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.10c

Right lung

Sternum

Anterior

Posterior

Root of lungat hilum

Left lung

Thoracic wall

Pulmonary trunk

Anterior mediastinum

(c) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.

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Lungs

• Left lung

• smaller

• two lobes (superior / inferior)

• Cardiac notch

• Right lung

• three lobes (superior / medial / inferior)

• Brochopulmonary segments: 10 R / 8-9 L

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.10a

Trachea

Apex of lung

Thymus

Right superior lobeHorizontal fissure

Right middle lobeOblique fissureRight inferior lobe

Heart(in mediastinum)

DiaphragmBase of lung

Leftsuperior lobe

Cardiac notch

ObliquefissureLeft inferiorlobe

Lung Pleural cavityParietal pleuraRib

Intercostal muscle

Visceral pleura

(a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.

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Lung Coverings: Pleurae

Thin, double-layered membrane

•Parietal pleura – outer border

•Visceral pleura – internal border

• external lung surface

•Pleural fluid fills pleural cavity