RESPIRATORYSYSTEM

HumanAnatomyUnit3

InAnatomyToday

RespiratorySystem

• Nose• Nasalcavity• Nasalsinuses• Pharynx• Larynx• Trachea– Respiratorytree

• Lungs• Alveoli

Functions• Surfaceareaforgasexchange• Ventilation• Protectionofrespiratorysurfaces– Dehydration– Environmentalchanges

• Immunefunctions• Vocalization• Aidsinregulationinternalparameters– Bloodvolume– Bloodpressure– BodyfluidpH

RespiratoryEpithelium

• PCCE• Mucuscells• Linesrespiratorytract– Exceptpharynx– Exceptalveoli

Nose

• Dorsum• Apex• Externalnares• Nasalseptum• Nasalvestibule• Nasalcavity

ParanasalSinuses

• Frontal• Maxillary• Sphenoid• Ethmoidal

NasalCavity

• Olfactoryepithelium• Internalnares(choanae)

• Nasalconcha– Superior– Middle– Inferior

• Hardpalate• Softpalate

Pharynx

• Nasopharynx– posteriortonasalcavities

• Oropharynx– posteriortooralcavity

• Laryngopharynx– posterior/superiortothelarynx

Larynx

ThyroidCartilage ArytenoidCartilageCricoidCartilage CorniculateCartilage

VocalCords

• Glottis• Vocalfolds(vocalcords)– cordsoffibrousCT– vibrateduringspeech

• Truevocalcords• vestibularfolds(falsevocalcords)

• laryngealmusclesinvolvedinspeechandswallowing

Vocalization

TracheaandPrimaryBronchi• Windpipe• Trachialcartilages– hyalinecartilagerings– 16-20– Preventscollapseoftube

• Trachealismuscle– SmoothmusclesupportforC-rings

– ClosesthecircleofCringbyformingbridge

– Helpsadjustairflowtolungs

HistologyoftheTrachea

BronchialTree• 1o bronchi

– 1stbranchesofftrachea• 2o bronchi

– 1perlobeoflung• 3o bronchi

– branchoffsecondary• Bronchioles• Terminalbronchi• Respiratorybronchioles• Alveolarducts

GradualChangesintheBronchialTree

• Decreaseindiameter• Decreaseinhyaline

cartilagesupport• Decreaseinsmooth

muscle• Gradualthinningof

epithelium• Inlargerbronchioles

– hyalinecartilageinplates– smoothmusclestill

present

Lungs

• Apex• Base• Hilum• Rightlung– Superiorlobe– Middlelobe– Inferiorlobe

• Leftlung– Superiorlobe– Inferiorlobe– Cardiacnotch

Alveoli• Number:~300,000,000• Size(individual)~60-100

micronsdiameter• Surfacearea

(collective)=1500squarefeet

• TypeIalveolarcells– simplesquamous epithelium

• TypeIIalveolarcells– greatalveolarcell– secretesurfactant

– DustCells– Alveolarmacrophage

RespiratoryMembrane