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Renewables in Microgrids
Challenges and Opportunities
Rangan Banerjee
Forbes Marshall Chair Professor
Department of Energy Science and Engineering
IIT Bombay
24th January 2015
Interconnected loads,
distributed generation
and energy storage
devices
Within clearly defined
electrical boundary
A single controllable
entity with respect to
the grid with
bidirectional power
flow 2
DER’s
Future Power System
DER’s
Dis
trib
uti
on
ne
two
rk
De
ma
nd
Dis
trib
uti
on
ne
two
rk
De
ma
nd
Large Centralised
Generation
Transmission
network
Grid
ES
S
ES
S
Microgrid - Definition
Global Microgrid Capacity - 2014
3
Total: 4393 MW
India < 200 MW
http://www.navigantresearch.com/research/microgrids
Classification of microgrids
Size
Microgrids
Mode of operation
Type
Source
Scenario
Isolated
Grid Connected
Hybrid
AC
DC
Renewables
Diesel
Hybrid
Wind
Small
Hydro
Biomass
Hybrid
Solar
Commercial
Residential
Industrial
<10kW
>1 MW
10kW-1MW
Lonarwadi
Dissoli
Rajmachi
Maharashtra
INDIA
Rural Electrification
5 Manoj and Banerjee, 2010
5 kWp Solar PV power plant at Rajmachi Village, Maharashtra
No. of house holds: 29
Connected load : 1.4 kW
6 Manoj Kumar M.V. , 2009
Bio-diesel based power
plant of 10 kW rating
(Raipur, Chattisgarh)
7
Biomass Gasifier Examples
Ravindranath et al (2004)
Biomass Gasifier Example
Arashi HiTech Biopower,
Coimbatore
1 MW grid connected
100% producer gas
engines
Two gasifiers – coconut
shells, modified to
include other biomass
Chilling producer gas
with VARS operated on
waste heat
Opportunities
Energy Access – More than 30% of Households
without access to electricity
Energy and Peak Shortages
Unreliable Supply – Load Shedding, Supply
Disruptions
Energy Security
High growth rates in demand- large potential
market
Local Employment Opportunities
Sustainable Energy Systems for the future
10
Historical Household Electrification
Rates
GEA, Chapter 19
11
Challenges
Supply- Demand Mismatch, Low Load
Factors
Affordability – Cost Reduction challenge -
Technology development and R&D
Financing Challenge
Manpower and Capacity Building Challenge
Institutional/ Organisational Challenge
Operational and Maintenance Challenge
12
Issues- Low plant capacity factor
Name of the plant
PV Capacity ( kWp)
Inverter capacity
(kVA)
Charge controller
(kW)
Battery capacity
(Ah)
Battery Voltage (Volts)
Distribution Voltage (Volts)
Connected Load (kW)
Plant Capacity
factor (%)
Dound II, Chattisgargh
1 1.5 2 400 48 230 0.3 5.8
Latdadar, Chattisgargh
2 3 3 500 48 230 0.7 7.1
Chatal,Chattisgargh
3 5 5 800 48 230 0.7 4.4
Gudagarh, Chattisgargh
4 5 5 800 48 230 1.2 6.3
Rajmachi, Maharashtra
5 7.5 5 800 120 230 1.4 8.2
Sura, Udaipur, Rajasthan
17.25 15 20 1200 120 230 5.0 7.3
Nurda village, Jharkhand
28 20 25 1200 120 230 9.5 8.5
Anandgarh, Bikaner, Rajasthan.
34.5 2*15 2*20 2*1200 120 230 10 7.5
13
Manoj and Banerjee, 2010
Measurements
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00
Time (hrs)
Pow
er(
Watt
s)
and V
oltage (
Volts)
VOLTAGE POWER
14 Manoj and Banerjee, 2010
Name of
the plant
Connected
Load (kW)
Plant
Capacity
Distribution loss
(%)
Plant capacity
factor (%)
Energy cost
Rs / kWh
Existing Designe
d Existing Designed Existing Designed Existing Designed
Solar PV,
Rajmachi 1.4 5 kWp 4 kWp 4.6 0.5 8.3 11.5 32 25
Biomass
gasifier,
Dissoli
6.9 10 kW 10 kW 12.3 2.0 8.8 12 29-37 21-25
Biomass
gasifier,
Lonarwadi
10.7 20 kW 10 kW 14.6 2.7 5.6 14 43-54 16-25
Integrated design-Summary
Manoj and Banerjee, 2010
16
Source : Phocos : pvmagazine , 2011
Biomass Gasifier
Solar PV + Battery
65,000 1,25,000
90,000 1,55,000
1,15,000 1,90,000
Cost of Electricity Generation
Capital cost Rs/kW
Selco Case study – Innovative Financing
18
For profit company – Solar Home
systems – started 1996 – sold
about 100,000 SHS
90% of products – credit schemes
Partnership with 9 banks – interest
rates between 12-17%
Financing Institutions pay 85% of
the amount- monthly payments of
Rs 300- 400 over a period of 5
years
Financing/ repayment options –
tailormade to end users – paddy
farmers – repayment schedule
based on crop cycle, street vendors
– daily payments – Rs 10
Funding from REEP – meet margin
amount for poor customers, reduce
interest rate
Source: SELCO, 2011
Sunderbans Microgrids - Organisation
19 Source: Ulsrud et al (2011)
17 micro grids
DESI Power
20
Biomass based power solutions – Bihar- 25 kW to 100 kW
Local distributors – decide pricing
Registered under CDM and sold CERs to Swiss buyer
MNRE funds, Promoters Equity, ICICI Loan
Monthly rate based on no of bulbs / loads, Circuit breaker to limit consumption
Irrigation pump users Rs 50/ hour, Household Rs 120- 150 per month
Underground trunk wiring-distribution
Enabling micro-enterprises –battery charging station, flour mill, workshop etc
Tie up with Telecom towers – increasing capacity factor
Husk Power
21
Initial funding – prize money
30-100 kW – biomass gasifiers- based on rice husk
Energy audit of households
Focus on household demand for lighting
Lower production, operating costs – use of bamboo, asbestos
Overhead pole wiring
Directly reach end user
Wind Power Output Variation
22
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
hours
Po
we
r g
en
era
ted
in M
W
january
June
July
August
September
2006- 7 Tamil Nadu
23
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
23:3
0
1:0
0
2:3
0
4:0
0
5:3
0
7:0
0
8:3
0
10:0
0
11:3
0
13:0
0
14:3
0
16:0
0
17:3
0
19:0
0
20:3
0
22:0
0
23:3
0
No
. o
f U
nit
s G
en
era
ted
T
ho
us
an
ds
Typical Daily Electricity Generation Variation
March- Best Month for Asansol, …
0.115
0.125
0.135
0.145
0.155
0.165
0.175
0.185
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Capacity Factor for Mumbai
1-Axis Tracking
Fixed Tilt @ 19 deg.
Annual Average with 1-Axis Tracking Annual Average with Fised Tilt @ 19 deg.
Identified Microgrid Scenarios
Industry Commercia
l
Residenti
al
Isolate
d
Raw Material
Extraction
Manufacturing
Industry
Malls/Offices
/Data
Centres/Serv
ice Industries
Villas/Fl
ats/Elec
tric
Vehicle
s
Remote
areas
with no
grid
access
Microgrid Scenarios Indian context Sector Scenarios Ratings
Generation
Industrial Small and Medium Scale
Industries
100kW-1MW Grid+ Combined Heat and
Power+ Renewable Energy
Technologies
Large Scale Industries 1 MW-50MW Grid+ Combined Heat and
Power+ Renewable Energy
Technologies
Commercial Urban Areas-Malls,
Offices, Educational
Institutions
100kW-10MW Grid+ Renewable Energy
Technologies + Diesel Generator
Rural Areas-Community
Centre, Shops, local
business, small
manufacturing units
5kW-50kW
Grid+ Renewable Energy
Technologies
Residential Urban Areas 50kW-1MW Grid+ Renewable Energy
Technologies
Rural Areas 5kW-50kW Grid+ Renewable Energy
Technologies
Remote or Isolated Rural Areas
with no grid access
1kW-100kW Renewable Energy Technologies
+ Diesel Generator
Pollution Control
Plant 0.6 MW
Power Generation Plant
0.5MW
Boiler Plant
1.35 MW
Main Receiving Station of Fertilizers and Chemicals, Travancore,Udyogamandal
Udyogamandal Division
Petrochemical Division
G
Grid
Steam
16 MW
G
Ammonia Production
Plant 10.75 MW
Heat Loads
Steam
6MW
Dimineralised Water Plant (DM Plant) 1.295 MW
Nitrogen Plant 1.29 MW
Oxidation Plant
1.71 MW
Hydrogenation Plant
(1.07MW)
Hyam Plant
2.22MW
Lactam Plant
2.35 MW
Large Industry with Combined Heat and Power Generation-
Fertilizers and Chemicals,Travancore
Heat Loads
Total Load= 23 MW
Captive Generation=22 MW
ST-Extraction Cum
Condensing Steam Turbine
ST
ST
Ref:M.Tech Thesis(Jani Das)
Load Profile of the Udyogamandal And
Petrochemical Division of Fertilizers and
Chemical,Travancore
Lo
ad
in M
W
Hour of the day
Large Industry with Combined Heat and Power
Generation( Data as on 8th October 2011)
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Total Load
Ref:M.Tech Thesis(Jani Das)
Grid
33/11 kV
11kV/400 V 750 kVA
11kV/400 V 750 kVA
G1 G2
200 kVA 100 kVA
RMRD Refirgeration Deep Freeze Powder Processing
Boiler Pre Pac Butter, Water and Ghee
Colony Land F
Medium Industry with Combined Heat and Power
Generation
Kurnool District Milk Producers Cooperative Union
Limited, Vijaya Milk & Milk Products, Nandyal
“Mathematical modelling of DSM and Batteries applied to a Medium Scale Milk Industry”, P. Ravi Babu V.P.Sree Divya
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Load in kW
Hour of the day
Load in kW
Medium Industry with Combined Heat and
Power Generation
“Mathematical modelling of DSM and Batteries applied to a Medium Scale Milk Industry”, P. Ravi Babu V.P.Sree Divya
Grid Solar PV
system
Inverter
Wind
Turbine
System
Inverter
Grid Tied
Commercial
Microgrid DB
First
Floor Second Floor
Ground
Floor
DB DB
Light and fan
loads
AC Computers and
Printers
Light and fan
loads
Projector
loads
Light and fan
loads
Projector
loads
AC Computers and
Printers
2.2kW
38.85kW
4kW
6.4kW 8kW 1.28kW 1.6kW 2.2kW 1.6kW
75 kW 20kW
Three phase
Transformer
Commercial Microgrid
Commercial Sector-
Urban Area(IIT Bombay)
Distributed 1 MW Solar power plant@IIT
Bombay
Main Receiving
Station of IITB
Salette Receiving
Station SAKI
22kV/433V
1250kVA
22kV/433V
1250kVA
Solar PV
System
Inverter
Academic
Buildings
Hostel
Buildings
Residential
Buildings
Hostel
2
Hostel
3
Hostel
4
Hostel
5
Hostel
1
Hostel
6
Hostel
7
Hostel
9
Hostel
10
28kW
32kW
42kW
44kW
43kW
51kW
33kW
33kW
45kW
Chem
Dept
Civil EED HSS IDC Library
MED Physics MET
Dept
CSE
Dept
Maths
Dept
Aero
MB
200kW
87kW
168kW
99kW
94kW
132kW
93kW
71kW
157kW
98kW
88kW
85kW
182kW
Ananta
B-22
White
House
Type C-
22
39kW
16kW
40kW
1 MW
Ring mains
and additional
substations
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Lo
ad
in
kW
Hour of day
IITB total load (kW)
Load Profile of Commercial Sector(Urban Area)-IIT Bombay
Commercial Sector-Rural Area-Palari Village in Chhattisgarh State
Grid
Shops 5kW
Community Center 1 kW
Small Manufacturing Unit
1.5 kW
Street Lights (CFL)
0.15 kW
Medical Centre 0.8 kW School
0.56 kW
Three Phase Transformer
Off-grid electricity generation with renewable energy technologies in India: An application of
HOMER
Rohit Sen a, Subhes C. Bhattacharyya
Load Profile -Palari Village in Chhattisgarh State
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Demand in …
Load in
kW
Loads including community centre, shops, local
business and small manufacturing units Off-grid electricity generation with renewable energy technologies in India: An application of
HOMER
Rohit Sen a, Subhes C. Bhattacharyya
Residential Microgrid G
rid
Community
AC loads
40kW
AC
Bus
AC/DC
Converter
DC/DC
Renewable
Sources
(PV+wind)
40kW
DC/DC Energy
Storage
DC/DC Community
DC loads
10kW
DC
Bus
DC/DC Plug in EV
Three
phase
transfor
mer
DG
Set
Urban Residential Load Profile
kW profile for 3 residential buildings at IIT B Campus
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Ananta B-22
White House
Type C-22
Load in kW
Hour of the day
Distributed 1 MW Solar power plant@IIT
Bombay
Load Profile of a Remote Residential Region
(Rajmachi Village, Maharashtra(data as on 14th April
2008))
Analysis of isolated power systems for village electrification; M.V.Manoj Kumar, Rangan Banerjee
Seasonal variation of load profile-Rural Residential
Area
Ranikhet , Almora Kumaon region of Uttarakhand
Development of IREOM model based on seasonally varying load profile for hillyremote areas of Uttarakhand state in
India
A.B. Kanase-Patil*, R.P. Saini, M.P. Sharma
Seasonal variation of load profile-Urban Residential Area
Residential Sector of
Gujarat State
An assessment of household electricity loadcurves and corresponding CO2 marginal abatement costcurves for Gujarat
state,India
Amit Garg a,n, P.R.Shukla b, JyotiMaheshwari c, JigeeshaUpadhyay
Strategies
Optimal Sizing
Integration of DSM and Supply, Demand
Response
Hybridisation of Supply
Demand Response
Intelligent Microgrids- Smart Grids
Advanced Storage – Hybridisation
Innovation
Learning Curve- Public Domain Information
Inputs for supply side model
Load model
NO YES
NO Calculation of Reliability (LOLE) for
number of PV panels and capacity of
battery. (15)
Agricultural electricity
consumption (kWh) (4)
Total electricity consumption (kWh) of the area
(7)
Solar PV and battery
model. (8), (12)-(13)
Calculation of ALCC and CGE for different
ratings of PV, and battery. (16) - (18)
Optimum configuration of
PV-battery
ALCC
CGE
LOLE ≤ LOLEd
All DSM
options
integrated?
Increment number of PV panels
and battery capacity
Number of
households
Appliances and their
technical
characteristics
Share of
appliances
Agricultural
pump sets and
ratings
Commercial electricity
consumption (kWh) (6)
Commercial loads
and technical
characteristics
Solar radiation
data
Ambient
temperature
data
Technical
specifications
of PV modules
Technical
specifications
of battery
YES
Available Demand
side option
Residential electricity
consumption (kWh) (2)
Inputs for load model
DSM options for end
use loads from
literature. DSMi . i=1,
2, 3, ..
CSEi ≤ MCOE
YES
NO
DSM options input
i=i+1
Usage pattern (Time of use)
(Daily and seasonal variation)
Sizing methodology for a PV-battery system employing DSM
Sector Load % contribution to total load EE option
Residential Lighting 41.1 60W incandescent to 15W CFL
Fan load 12.7 Ceiling Fan of 65W replaced by BLDC fan
TV load 2.1 19 inch CRT TV replaced with 22W LCD
Agricultural Motor & pump loads 29.55 Energy efficient motor-56%
Community Street lighting 8.45 HPSV lamps by LED lighting
Annual energy savings(kWh/year) 25610
Load EE option
Demand
savings(kWh/year)
Hours of
operation/Year
Lighting load
Replacing Incandescent with 15W
CFL 13140 1460
Replacing CFL with LED 2044 1460
Replacing with 8W LED 15184 1460
FAN load
Replacing with 35 W BLDC motor 3240 1460
Replacing with energy efficient
blades(60W) 540 1460
Improved AC induction motor(50W) 1620 1460
TV Replacing with 19 inch LCD TV 635 1095
Agriculture Energy efficient motor-56% 5748 2008
Street lighting HPSV lamps by LED lighting(40W) 2847 4745
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
La
od
of
are
a(k
W)
Time of day(h)
Total demand summer(kWh)
Total load Average Load(DSM) Average(DSM)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Laod
of
are
a(k
W)
Time of day(h)
Total demand Winter(kWh)
Total load Average Load(DSM) Average(DSM)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
CS
E(R
s/k
Wh
)
Annual demand savings(kWh)
10 % discount Marginal cost of electricity(Rs/kWh) 30% discount
IL to CFL
Storage Options
45
UK & India Partnership in Smart Energy Grids and Energy Storage Technologies: IMASE- IITB – Univ Nottingham
End-Note
46
http://dilbert.com/
Acknowledgment
Thank you
Ammu Susanna
Jacob
Jani Das
Balkrishna Surve
47
K. Aravind Prof. Prakash
Ghosh
Amit Parihar
References
Manoj Kumar M.V. 2009: ‘Design of Isolated Power Systems for Village Electrification’, Master's dissertation, IIT Bombay: Department of Energy
Science and Engineering; 2009.
Manoj and Banerjee 2010: Analysis of isolated power systems for village electrification, M.V. Manoj Kumar , Rangan Banerjee, Energy for
Sustainable Development, 14, (2010) 213-222.
Ravindranath et al (2004): N. H. Ravindranath, H. F. Somashekar, S. Dasappa and C. N. Jayasheela Reddy, “Sustainable biomass power for
rural India: Case study of biomass gasifier for village electrification” . Current Science 2004 87 (7): 932.
Ulsrud et al (2011): The Solar Transitions research on solar mini-grids in India: Learning from local cases of innovative socio-technical systems,
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P. Hearps and D. McConnell “Renewable Energy Technology Cost Review” 2011.
R. Banerjee, “Comparison of options for distributed generation in India” Energy Policy 34 (2006) 101–111.
Renewable Energy in India: Progress, Vision and Strategy, MNRE, Govt. Of India
Schnitzer et al (2014): Microgrids for Rural Electrification: A critical review of best practices
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SELCO, 2011
Stephen F. Gillette, “CHP Case Studies – Saving Money and Increasing Security” Capstone Turbine Corporation
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Resources Institute (TERI) for the Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development (GNESD).
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