rat model, physical activity, and eating behavior 8 april 2014

I. Physical Activity in the rat model; gene expression in the brain stem

II. Energy Balance: A Review of Physical Activity and Food Behavior in the College Population

Megan Gadda, Dayna Okumura, Kylie PybusDr. Van Hoomisen

University of Portland, Founders Day8 April 2014

Exercise, Cognitive Behavior, and Gene Expression in a Rat Model of

Depression

2009: OFB Rat Model and PAStress, Anxiety, and Depression

Galanin (gal)Tyrosine

hydroxylase (TH)

In-situ Hybridization

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)

Overview

OBX Rat Model of Depression•Olfactory Bulb: Physiology•Locus Coeruleus•Stress, anxiety, depression•Neurotransmitter pathways: Galanin (GAL), Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH), Brain Derived Nuerotropic factor (BDNF)•Olfactory Bulbectomy Model of Depression

Methods - 2009•Two Week

Accommodation Period

•OBX/SHAM Surgical Procedures

•Sedentary

•8 Week Sedentary

Period

•Novel Object Preference

•Passive Avoidance

•Euthanize

•Activity Wheel Running

•8 Week Exercise Period

Morgan, D., Strang, J., Tsao, J., & Van Hoomissen, J. 2009.The Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Behavior in a Rat Model of Depression

Morgan, D., Strang, J., Tsao, J., & Van Hoomissen, J. 2009.The Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Behavior in a Rat Model of Depression

Results: Wheel running and OBX effects on object recognition

Methods : In-situ hybridization

1. Coronol Sections of Rat Brain: Hippocampus, Locus Coerleus, and Nucleus Accumbens2. Pretreatment (strip membranes and deactivation)3. Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT) Labeling of Oligonucleotides4. Spin Column and Centrifuge Labeled Probe5. Assessment6. Hybridization7. Wash for non-specific binding8. Film Development and Quanitfy Gene Expression (Optical Densities)

Van Hoomissen et al., 2003

Kuteeva E, Wardi T, Lundstrom L, Sollenboerg U, Langel U, Hokfelt T, Ogren SO. 2008. Differential role of galanin receptors in the regulation of depression-like behavior and monoamine/stress-related genes at the cell body level. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008, 33(11): 2573-2585.

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in the hippocampusAllen Brain Atlas

Energy Balance Physical Environment

Urban sprawl

Population density

Absence of sidewalks

Building design

Automobile dependence

Pollutants

Genetic hypotheses

Biology

Viruses RMRRegulators of adipogenesis: RAR, RXR, PPARg, C/EBP,

SREBP-1c, PGC-1, etc.

ThermogenesisLipid ox

Peripheral regulators of appetite: PYY, insulin, leptin,

ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, etc.

CNS regulators of appetite: NPY, a-MSH, CART, Orexins, Agouti,

MC4R, MCH, AGRP, etc.

n-6/n-3 PUFAs

Soci

al E

nviro

nmen

t•

Few

er

mea

ls at

ho

me

• Eati

ng

on th

e ru

n

•So

ciet

y of

spec

tato

rs

inst

ead

of p

artic

ipan

t

•Po

wer

ful a

nd

cons

tant

adv

ertis

ing

• Pre

ssur

e to

be

se

dent

ary

•Ea

ting

as

recr

eatio

n

•Pr

essu

re to

co

nsum

e

Behavior

Larger portions

Corn fructose syrup

Calorie-

dense foods

More sedentarism

Less physical activity

Smoking

cessation

Certain

medications

LactationH

igh fat

diets

Maternal-fetal

nutrition

Epigenetics

Obesity

Adipogenesis

Overweight

Genetic Predisposition

Energy Expenditure

Energy Intake Nutrient / Energy

Partitioning

Blair, S. Hand, G., Hebert, J. 2013. Energy Balance. Obesity week: Georgia World Congress Center.

College Students:On vs. Off CampusDining HallsWalking distance

College Students:Do not meetPhysical Activity GuidelinesFruit/Vegetable Dietary Recommendations

Physical Activity Contributions to Mental Health

• Depression 82,98, 63 , Anxiety 11, 89 and Stress 6, 60

• Mental health implications for Physically active and Physically inactive students

• Is PA beneficial to mental health?

General Trends of Physical Activity from 1978-present

• Health benefits of physical activity recognized• Surveys of PA in college populations: 1995 NCHBRS• Interventions to increase PA: GRAD(1999-2001),

TEAM (2001), ARTEC (2001), PSFA (2001), AA (2001)

• Transtheoretical model: Stages of Change (2000)• Improve accuracy and validity of PA measurements• Re-survey with focus on behavioral determinants• Interventions based on new theoretical models

2011 ACSM Physical Activity Recommendation

• “The ACSM recommends that most adults engage in moderate-intensity cardiorespiratory exercise training for 30 min/d on 5 d/wk for a total of 150 min/wk, vigorous-intensity cardiorespiratory exercise training for 20 min/d on 3 d/wk (75 min/wk), or a combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity exercise to achieve a total energy expenditure of 500–1000 MET/min/wk. On 2–3 d/wk, adults should also perform resistance exercises for each of the major muscle groups, and neuromotor exercise involving balance, agility, and coordination. Crucial to maintaining joint range of movement, completing a series of flexibility exercises for each the major muscle–tendon groups (a total of 60s per exercise) on 2 d/wk is recommended.”

Physical Activity Recommendation Breakdowns

• 1998, 2001, 2007, 2011• Cardiorespiratory fitness and body

composition• Muscular Strength and Endurance• Flexibility

Physical Activity Measurements

Measurement

Self-Report Surveys/Questionnaires

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System71, Brunel Physical Activity Questionnaire, CARDIA Physical Activity History Questionnaire7, 37, 61, EPIC-Norfolk Questionnaire, Friedenreich Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire13, 72, 78, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)49, 79, 87, 97, 100, Lipid Research Clinics Questionnaire12, 13, 17, Modifiable Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents49, National College Health Risk Behavior Survey23, 30, 33, 44, 47, 57, 60, 61, Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire5, 10, 13, Physical Activity Frequency Questionnaire, Previous Day Physical Activity Recall, Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire, Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ), Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall7, 30, 56, YALE Physical Activity Survey (YPAS), Youth Risk Behavior Survey18, 39, 56, 60, 71, stages of exercise behavior change questionnaire44, 55, 59, 66, Sallis exercise and nutrition self-efficacy questionnaire (SENSQ)44, 64, physical activity maintenance questionnaire72, Obligatory exercise questionnaire77, Physical activity specification survey77, vigorous physical activity and sports participation questionnaire92

Pedometer Pedometer (Yamax Digiwalker (DW) model 200)58, Digi-Walker SW-200 pedometer (New Lifestyles Inc, Lees Summit, MO)79, pedometer (Yamax SW-200, Yamax Corp, Tokyo, Japan)80

Accelerometers Actigraph (formerly CSA) model 7164 (Manufacturing Technology Inc., Fort Walton Beach, FL)70, accelerometer (MTI Actigraph version 2.2; Manufacturing Technology Inc, Fort Walton Beach, FL)80, three-dimensional MEMS accelerometer positioned on the back of the shoe90, ActiGraph GT1M 97

VO2 Max Queens college 3-minute step test to estimate VO2max37, 64,portable open-circuit respirometry system (Oxycon Mobile; Viasys, Yorba Linda, CA)90

In-class tests Astrand-Rhyming bicycle test of cardiovascular fitness, dynamometer tests of strength1, skinfold tests1, 64, Test of abdominal muscular endurance1

Problems in Physical Activity Measurement

• Inconsistent Methods of recall: intensity, duration, frequency

• Validity and accuracy of self-report surveys• Attempts to improve validity: self-report vs.

accelerometers and pedometers97, 100, 79, 80

Interventions

• ARTEC, TEAM, PSFA, AA• Project GRAD (Sallis et al, 1998)– Cognitive-behavioral intervention course vs. a

general health course– Follow up: 1 and 2 years after intervention

Results: Broad Overview

• The overwhelming majority of college students (32-77%) of college students do not meet any of the recommended physical activity requirements set forth by ACSM, the Surgeon general, American Heart Association, and the CDC.

Results: What we know about the College Population

• The majority of college men and women do not meet physical activity requirements 12, 23, 32, 48, 51, 64, 66, 72, 74, 80, 76, 86

• College PE classes can have positive long term effects 3, 15, 22, 16, 22, 25

• Weekends70 and Leisure time13

• Transition from young adulthood to adulthood 18, 39, 45, 46, 60, 74, 94, 95, 96

• Males vs. Females 56, 70, 79

• Barriers to PA 51, 52, 61, 69

• Behavior change 20, 29, 65, 75, 81 and Stages of Change 25, 30, 32, 36, 37, 47, 52,

58, 71, 77, 84, 101

• Multiple risk behaviors 10, 76, 78, 85, 87, 88

New theories

• Social ecological model

UP: how to act?

• Do not solely use Self-report measures • Wellness teaching environment• Physical activity requirement: promote

lifetime physical activity• Physical environment alterations• Active and Passive recruitment methods• Incentives

Sources Cited

Literature Review - MethodsSources• MEDLINE• PsycINFO• PubMed

Search Terms:• Research Group:“emerging adult*” “college/undergraduate student*”• Trends: “Food Behavior*”

“Eating Behavior*”

Zheng, H. & Berthoud H. 2008. Neural Systems Controlling the Drive to Eat: Mind Versus Metabolism. Physiology 23: 75-83.

Individual (intrapersonal)- Food preferences

- Stress, body image, mental health- Metabolism

Environment- Social (interpersonal)

- Physical - Macro

University Characteristics- On vs. Off Campus- University Lifestyle

Adapted from Figure 1. Factors Affecting Eating Behaviors in University Students Deliens T., Clarys P., Bourdeaudhuij I. D., Deforche B. 2014. Determinants of eating behavior in university students: a qualitative study using focus group discussions. BioMed Central Public Health. 14(53):1-12.

Motivations/Health Belief ModelO

bjec

tive

Know

ledg

eConfidence- Nutritional Knowledge

Threat:Susceptibility and Severity

Expectation:Benefit and Barrier

Behavioral IntentionTo Eat Healthy FoodTo do Physical Activity

Kim H.S., Ahn J., No JK. 2012. Applying the health belief model to college students' health behavior. Nutrition Research and Practice 6(6):551-8.

What are Students Consuming?

• 42% ate a morning meal (Cason, et al. 2002)• 52% ate a snack 1-2X/day (Cason, et al. 2002)• 5.5% met dietary guidelines for fruit/vegetable

consumption (Greene et al. 2011).

1 serving

1.5 servings

0.5 servings

1.4 servings

Kelly N.R., Mazzeo S. E., Bean M. K. 2013. Systematic Review of Dietary Interventions With College Students: Directions for Future Research and Practice. Journal of Nutrition Education Behavior. 45: 304-313.

Challenges: Food QuestionnaresThree-Factor Eating Questionnaire

National Cancer Institute Fruit and Vegetable Intake

Satter Eating Competence Inventory

Food Frequency Questionnaires

24-hour dietary recall

Appropriate Health InterventionsWeb-based Intervention

Greene G.W., White A.A., Hoerr S.L., Lohse B., Schembre S. M., Riebe D., Patterson J., Kattelmann K.K., Shoff S., Horacek T., Blissmer B., Phillips B.W. 2012. Impact of an Online Healthful Eating and Physical Activity Program for College Students. American Journal of Health Promotion. 27(2): 47-59

Cluster Groups

Greene, G. W., Schembre S. M., White A.A., Hoerr S.H., Lohse B., Shoff S., Horacek T., Riebe D., Patterson J., Phillips B.W., Kattelmann K.K., Blissmer B. 2011. Identifying Clusters of college students at elevated health risk based on eating and exercise behaviors and psychosocial determinants of body weight. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111:394-400.

Psychosocially SecureBehaviorally CompetentHigh Risk

ReferencesBountziouka V., Bathrellou E., Giotopoulou A., Katsagoni C., Bonou M., Vallianou N., Barbetseas J., Avgerinos P.C., Panagiotakos D.B. 2010. Development, repeatability, and validity regarding energy and macronutrient intake of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire: Methodological considerations. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases.

Cason K.L. WTR. 2002. Health and nutrition beliefs, attitudes, and practices of undergraduate college students: A needs assessment. Topics in Clinical Nutrition 17(3):52-70.

Deliens T., Clarys P., Bourdeaudhuij I. D., Deforche B. 2008. Determinants of eating behavior in university students: a qualitative study using focus group discussions. BioMed Central Public Health. 14(53):1-12.

Greene, G. W., Schembre S. M., White A.A., Hoerr S.H., Lohse B., Shoff S., Horacek T., Riebe D., Patterson J., Phillips B.W., Kattelmann K.K., Blissmer B. 2011. Identifying Clusters of college students at elevated health risk based on eating and exercise behaviors and psychosocial determinants of body weight. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111:394-400.

Huang T.K., Harris K.J., Lee R.E., Nazir N., Born W., Kaur H. 2003. Assessing Overweight, Obesity, Diet, and Physical Activity in College Students. 52(2): 83-87.

Huang Y-L., Song W.O., Schemmel R.A., Hoerr S.M. 1994. What do College Students Eat? Food Selection and Meal Pattern. Nutrition Research 14(8):1143-1153.

Kelly N.R., Mazzeo S. E., Bean M. K. 2013. Systematic Review of Dietary Interventions With College Students: Directions for Future Research and Practice. Journal of Nutrition Education Behavior. 45: 304-313.

Kicklighter J.R., Koonce V.J., Rosenbloom C.A., Commander N.E. 2010. College freshmen perceptions of effective and ineffective aspects of nutrition education. Journal of American College Health 59(2):98-104.

Kim H.S., Ahn J., No JK. 2012. Applying the health belief model to college students' health behavior. Nutrition Research and Practice 6(6):551-8.

ReferencesKolodinsky J., Harvey-Berino J.R., Berlin L., Johnson R.K., Reynolds T.W. 2007. Knowledge of current dietary guidelines and food choice by college students: Better eaters have higher knowledge of dietary guidance. Journal of American Dietetic Association 107:1409-13.

Larson N., Laska M. N., Story M., Neumark-Sztainer D. 2012. Predictors of Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Young Adulthood. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 112:1216-1222.

Laska MN, Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M: Dietary patterns and home food availability during emerging adulthood: Do they differ by living situation? PublicHealthNutrition2009.

Lin PL, Wan Dali WPE. 2012. The Impact of Nutrition Education Interventions on the Dietary Haits of College Students in Developed Nations: A Brief Review. Malays Journal of Medical Science. 19(1):4-14.

Misra R. 2007. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Label Use among College Students. Journal of American Dietetic Association.107:2130-2134

Nelson C. N., Kocos R., Lytle L. A., Perry C. L. 2009. Understanding the perceived determinants of weight-related behaviors in late adolescence: A qualitative analysis among college youth. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 41(4):287-92.

Pelletier J.E., Graham D.J, Laska M.N. 2014. Social Norms and Dietary Behaviors among Young Adults. American Journal of Health Behavior 38(1):144-152.

Peterson S., Duncan P. D., Null D. B., Roth L. R., Gill L. 2010. Positive changes in perceptions and selections of healthful foods by collge students after a short-term point-of-selection intervention at a dining hall. 58(5):425-31.

Racette S.B., Deusinger S.S, Strube M.J., Highstein G.R., Deusinger R.H. 2008. Changes in Weight and Health Behaviors from Freshman through Senior Year of College. Journal of Nutrition Education Behavior. 40:39-42.

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