racing toward food security by teaching food shopping
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Racing Toward Food Security by Teaching Food Shopping
Pat BrinkmanCheryle Jones Syracuse
Definitions
Food Security- access by all people at all times to enough food for an active and healthy life
Food Insecurity without hunger- limited or uncertain ability to acquire or consume an adequate quality and of sufficient quantity of food in socially acceptable ways: inadequate resources to buy enough food and can’t afford to eat balanced meals
Definitions (continued)
Food Insecurity with hunger— the uneasy or painful sensation caused by a recurrent or involuntary lack of food, which can over time lead to malnutrition. Families have decreased quality as well as quantity of food they consume. Repeated patterns of hunger. Forced to cut back on the size of children’s meals in order to make ends meet.
Source: Boyle, M, 2003 Community Nutrition in Action: An Entrepreneurial Approach, 3rd ed. Wadsworth/Thompson, Belmont, CA.
Factors that Impact Food Insecurity
Economic resources Access to food Food-related behaviors Food intake Nutrient Utilization Nutrition status Health effects
Source: Wehler and Anderson, Journal of Nutrition Educations 24 (1992): 325
Impact of Hunger
Research shows that hungry children:
– Have more health problems– Exhibit disruptive behavior– Are more likely to be tardy or absent from school– Score lower on achievement tests– Fall asleep during class– Do not reach their full potential
Source: “The Consequences of Hunger and Food Insecurity for Children: Evidence from Recent Scientific Studies. Center on Hunger and Poverty, June 2002
Food Security in the US
2004– 11.9% of American households were food
insecure at least sometime during the year– 3.5% reported they were food insecure with
hunger– Most avoided hunger by relying upon a few basic
foods, reducing variety in diets or using emergency food from a food pantry.
*Food Stamp Program*Child Nutrition Programs
National School LunchSchool Breakfast ProgramsSummer Nutrition Program
*Child and Adult Care Food Program*WIC
Food Assistance Programs
Food Assistance Programs (cont)
TANF TEFAP (Commodity Food Programs) Soup kitchens Food Pantries
Who is more likely to be food insecure?
Lower levels of food and financial skills held by the mother
Higher levels of depressive symptoms in the mother
Difficulty paying for medical care Less than high school education Not owning a home
Food Insecurity and the Elderly
6.3% (2002) w/1.9% food insecure with hunger Causes
-not having enough money for food -poor health
-limited mobility-limited transportation-lack of social support-functional impairments
Food Security and the Elderly
Elderly in inner-city twice as likely to be food insecure than those in urban areas
Unmarried elderly men most insecure Married couples most secure Rely upon private charities rather than FSP
Food Security and Rural Populations
Food insecurity is more prevalent in non-metropolitan households
Less likely to participate in the Food Stamp Program
Lowest Income Consume Less
Fruits and vegetables Grains Potassium Fiber Folate
Dairy—especially milk Women—low on iron Less likely to meet
Vitamin C requirement
Other implications for Food Stamp Participants or Lowest Income
More likely to skip breakfast More likely to consume more soft drinks Consumed more meat than other groups Women more likely to be overweight or
obese
Implications for Lowest Income Elderly
More skipped breakfasts Low vitamin C intake Low calcium intake Very low fiber intake Higher sodium concentration in diet More soft drinks consumed
Elderly (continued)
More likely to have reduced or severely reduced bone density
Females—less obese than higher incomes Males—more likely to be underweight Males—eat more meat and dairy
Life skills that can help prevent food insecurity
Ability to manage bills Ability to make a budget Ability to stretch groceries to the end of the
month Ability to prepare a well-balanced meal
Shopping Strategies to Reduce Food Insecurity
Only a few studies found…why? Many factors – besides shopping – can affect
whether or not persons achieve food security; for example: – Individual’s health– Individual’s education– Local conditions– Different cultural values– Different food practices
Shopping Strategies to Reduce Food Insecurity – Some Data Available
USDA Economic Research Service study– Economize by purchasing larger proportion of
discounted or on sale products– Purchasing large packages/volume discounts– Purchasing generic or store brands– Purchasing less expensive food products within
product class
Purchasing store label and generic items Purchasing larger package sizes Purchasing lower quality items
Other findings include using discount food stores and buying and consuming less food.
“Exploring Food Purchase Behaviors of Low Income Households How Do They
Economize” concluded low-income households use these techniques:
Source: USDA Current Issues in Economics of Food Markets, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 747-07 , 2003
Interviews of EFNEP & FSNEP Educators in New Jersey
Identified four categories of food acquisition practices of program participants:
1. Rely on resources in community2. Interact with informal support systems3. Supplement financial resources4. Lower food costs by using shopping
strategiesSource: Family Economics and Nutrition Review 14 (2) 44-55. 2002
Study on Factors Protecting Against and Contributing to Food Insecurity Among Rural Families This study found that life skills related to food
security were: Ability to manage bills Ability to make a budget Ability to stretch groceries to the end of the
month Ability to prepare a well-balanced mealNeed to teach these skills.
Source: Family Economics and Nutrition Review, Vol. 16 No. 1. 2004
Implications for Educators
Encourage families in FNP and EFNEP programs to seek food assistance programs
Encourage participation in FNP/EFNEP Teach food and financial skills Encourage participation to complete high school
education Teach nutritional information which addresses
areas of nutritional need for low-income see “Chart Based on Research”
OSU Extension embraces human diversity and is committed to ensuring that all educational programs conducted by Ohio State University Extension are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, age, gender identity or expression, disability, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, or veteran status. Keith L. Smith, Associate Vice President for Agricultural Administration and Director, OSU Extension TDD No. 800-589-8292 (Ohio only) or 614-292-1868.
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