rabies seminar in world veterinary day
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WORLD
VETERINARY DAY
2011
DR. SHUBHAGATA DAS
Lecturer
Department of Pathology and Parasitology
Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University
WORLD VETERINARY DAY 2011SELECTED THEME :“RABIES”
“RABIES”
The most fatal infectious disease in the world
…..Rabies Highly fatal zoonotic disease infecting all warm-blooded
animals.
Only communicable disease of man that is always fatal.
A neurotrophic viral disease causing acute encephalomyelitis and Hydrophobia/aerophobia.
Have long and variable incubation period
Short course of illness leading to “Invariably Death”
It’s a comparatively neglected disease and often called the “Forgotten Disease”
………….History One of the oldest disease known to mankind, “probably
as old as mankind on earth” The Latin word “Rabies” seems to have originated
from the Sanskrit word “Rabhas” which means “to do violence”
Notified by oriental physicians in 3000 BC Greek physician Democritus; in 500 BC and Celsus; in
First Century AD Described in Antherva Veda from Vedic period (1500
BC to 500 BC) First vaccine developed by Dr.Louis Pasteur; first
administered on July 6, 1885
The Lethal Bullet That Never Fails……
Lyssavirus type 1 (RABV) from the family of Rhabdoviridae –Serotype 1
•Bullet shaped •single stranded •RNA virusTwo major antigens :
•Glycoprotein (G) – cell membrane•Nucleoprotein antigen (N protein)
Resistance of rabies virus:The virus is highly resistant against cold, dryness, decay, etc.Can remain infectious for weeks in cadavers/carcassInactivated by formaldehyde, sunlight, lipid solvents and antiseptics.Can be preserved by freeze drying
In At ultra low temperatures (< - 20°C)Or in Glycerin
Rabies virus destroys in:At 60°C within 35 seconds (sensitive to pasteurization and boiling)At pH < 4 or > 10.By action of oxidizing agents, most organic solvents, surface acting agents, quaternary ammonium compounds.Photolytic enzymes, ultraviolet rays and X-rays also kill the virusSoaps , detergents or Alcohol are also useful.
Phylogroup Genotype Species Geographicalorigin
Potential vector(s)
I 1 Rabies virus Worldwide (except several Islands)
Carnivores(worldwide); bats(Americas)
I 4 Duvenhage virus SouthernAfrica
Insectivorous bats
I 5 European batlyssavirus type 1
Europe Insectivorous bats
I 6 European batlyssavirus type 2
Europe Insectivorous bats
I 7 Australian batlyssavirus
Australia Frugivorous/insectivorous bats
II 2 Lagos bat virus Sub-SaharanAfrica
Frugivorous bats
II 3 Mokola virus Sub-SaharanAfrica
Unknown
Classification of lyssavirus:
Phylogroup Geographicalorigin
Potential vector(s)
Aravan virus Central Asia Insectivorous bats(isolated fromMyotis blythi)
Khujand virus Central Asia Insectivorous bats(isolated from
Myotis mystacinus)Irkut virus East Siberia Insectivorous bats (isolated from
Murina leucogaster)
West Caucasianbat virus
Caucasianregion
Insectivorous bats (isolatedFrom(Miniopterus schreibersi)
Isolates to be characterized as new genotypes:
Epidemiology of rabies:
Although rabies is 100% preventable, only some of the developed countries have completely eradicated rabies or have reduced its incidence to the minimum level. But most of the Asian and African countries still suffering in this devastating disease.
More than 55,000 people die of rabies every year in Africa and Asia. (<500 people die in other continents). Almost 99% of human cases are caused by bites from infected dogs, but all mammals can be infected with rabies and all can potentially transmit the virus to humans.
60-70% of victims of rabies are children aged 5-15; it is estimated that One person dies from rabies in every ten minutes and approximately 100 children die of the disease every day.
In 2010; Rabies-free countries were UK, Ireland, Australia, Austria, Belgium , Cyprus, Greek-Cypriot part, Czech Republic, Denmark, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece and the Greek islands, Iceland, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal and the Portuguese islands, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland and Malta.
Epidemiology of rabies ……..
60-70% of victims of rabies are children aged 5-15.
One person dies from rabies in every ten minutes.
Approximately 100 children die of the disease every day.
Ecological distribution of rabies virus
In Asia and Africa: Dogs are the main reservoirs where, wild carnivores and Bat are responsible in North America, Australia and Europe.
…..Animal transporting Rabies (Indian subcontinent)
Distribution of rabies• Distribution of animal rabies Distribution of human rabies
Global human rabies: Asia: ~31000 (56% ) , 90% in rural areaAfrica: ~24000 (44%) , 75% in rural area
Other parts of the world<500
40
32092490
19000
76
44
2000
1100
24
248
30
Human rabies cases (>28,000) in Far East Asia in 2006
Human Rabies Cases and Treatment Reports, Far East Asia,2006
Post-exposure Country Deaths Rate/million Treatment Rate/mil India 19,000 16.7 1,800,000 1,768
Pakistan 2,490 17 69,000 469
Bangladesh 2,000 12 60,000 455
Myanmar 1,100 23 5,000 102
China 3209 2.5 8,000,000 3,959
Philippines 248 3.3 102,148 1,338
Indonesia 40 0.2 8,800 43
Sri Lanka 76 4 80,000 4,200
Thailand 24 0.41 200,000 3,178
Vietnam 30 0. 38 635,000 8,105
Nepal 44 2.17 25,000 1,085
Cambodia 2 0.80 12,000 1,071
Lao People s Democratic Republic 2 1.26 3,000 540
TOTAL 28,275 6.5 10,692,010 1,881
Rabies in Bangladesh:Rabies is a major public health problem in Bangladesh, and is distributed uniformly in all parts of the country.
Accurate statistics are not available, however, scattered hospital records indicate that about 2,000 people die from rabies each year.
Thousand of Livestock die every year in Rabies but no reported statistical data was found from any reliable sources.
Dogs are mainly responsible for the transmission of rabies to humans and animals.
The annual number of cases of rabies at the Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH), Dhaka has not changed significantly over the last 10 years indicating no improvement.
A report from analysis of the 684 cases of human rabies came to the IDH, Dhaka, revealed that from June 1999 to November 2003 the majority of the victims (64.2%, 439/684) were below 15 years of age.
In national vaccination program, only the Sheep brain tissue vaccine (NTV) is supplied for post- exposure prophylaxis. But Use of NTV is discouraged by WHO because of its neuroparalytic effect and low antigenicity.Two types of Modern Cell culture vaccines (CCV) are now imported by the private sector companies. Recent survey by Disease Control Unit (2007) shows that number of rabies death is more than 2000 per year.Recent vaccine consumption report shows post-exposure vaccination is taken by more than 3,00,000 person per year and a good number of victims of animal bite remains untreated and unreported.Other than stray dogs, Cats and jackals also involved in rabies transmission.
No organized rabies control program is running here in Bangladesh yet; except the municipalities and city corporations cull thousands of stray dogs in Autumn (Dog breeding season).
Diagnosis of rabies is made on clinical grounds only as the laboratory facilities are limited.
The use of rabies immune globulin (RIG) is very limited because of its high price and inadequate supply. Only few doses of Equine Rabies Immuno Globulin (ERIG) are being used.
Common Rare Bites from infected animals Licks on broken skin and mucous membrane Scratches
Inhalation Organ transplantation Ingestion
Mode of Transmission….
*** Observation period only applies to dogs and cats. Other domestic and wild animals (except threatened or endangered species) suspected as rabid should be killed humanely and their tissues examined using appropriate laboratory techniques.
Category of Exposure and recommendation………
Type of Exposure in Rabies…….
Category I Category II
Category III…….
Pathogenesis…..
Hydrophobia and aerophobia are pathognomonic for rabies and occur in 50% of patients. Attempting to drink or having air blown in the face produces severe laryngeal or diaphragmatic spasms and a sensation of choking. This may be related to a violent response of the airway irritant mechanisms. Even the suggestion of drinking may induce hydrophobic spasm.
Clinical Signs are:
•Disturbingly Horrifying
•Violent and Inhuman
•Invariably fatal
Change in behavior; docile become furious, furious appear docile.In dumb (paralytic) and furious (aggressive biting tendency) forms.
Biting aggression, frenzyHyperesthetic and PhotophobicAggressive pica and Irritation
Laryngeal and Mastication muscle paralysisHyperactive Roaming, Abnormal bark toneExcessive salivation
May undergo off feed and eat abnormal objectsparalysis leading to death with in 5-7 days of onset
No hydrophobia
Clinical features of rabies in animal (Dogs):
Clinical features of rabies in animal (Horse):
•Early clinical signs of infection are non specific.
•muzzle tremors, pharyngeal paralysis,
•anorexia, depression,
•colic and ataxia, abnormal posture.
•frequent whinnying.
•Aggressiveness; kicking, biting, striking, head tossing,
•apparent blindness.
•Sternal recumbancy progressing to lateral recumbence with paddling tremors.
•eventually systemic paralysis and death.
•Once clinical signs occur, death is usually with in 5 days.
Clinical features of rabies in animal (Cattle):
•Early clinical signs include
•Behavior change, yawning
•Abnormal posture, aggression,
•Excessive salivation, muzzle tremors
•Paraphimosis, sexual excitement, photophobia,
•abnormal bellowing, increased libido, tenemus, pica, decreased lactation.
•Increased interest with sound or light and pharyngeal paralysis.
•Late clinical signs includes opisthotonus, seizures, and widespread paralysis.
•Death occurs soon after late clinical signs.
In Cats shows similar signs of dogs but mandibular and laryngeal paralysis is rare is cat with clinical signs usually die in 3 to 4 days.In sheep signs are very similar to cattle infected with rabies.There may also be aggressive wool pulling and no abnormal bleating.In Early stage clinical signs may include excitement, aggression, in coordination, excessive salivation, backwards walking, phantom chewing, and lethargy. Final stages of disease include depression, convulsions, and recumbancy. Death occurs with 2 days of clinical signs.
Laboratory Diagnosis of rabies:
Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test ; Gold
Standard for Diagnosis of Rabies
from postmortem sample
Negri body MIT VNT
Diagnostic Tools
RECENT AND MORE RELIABLE DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
Reverse transcriptase polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
Modified counter Immuno electrophoresis (CIEP) Serum
Virus Neutralization test
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Rapid Fluorescent Focus Inhibition Test (RFFIT)
Various Type Immunochromatographic test: Direct
Rapid Immunochromatographic Test (DRIT)
Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic assay
Latex Agglutination tests
Rabies is 100% fatal after showing clinical sign but 100% preventable.
The first rabies vaccination was developed by Louis Pasteur and given
to Joseph Meister, July 6, 1885; Joseph survived.
Rabies vaccines were dramatically improved throughout the past
century.
Modern cell culture rabies vaccines are virtually 100% effective to
prevent rabies.
PREVENTING RABIES
WHO Recommends precise procedure for….
• Pre-Exposure Vaccination• Post-Exposure Treatment (PET)• Post-Exposure Treatment of persons who have been
vaccinated previously
…………WHO Recommendations
veterinarians
Rabies laboratory staffs
Pet owners
Animal handlers
Wild life officers
Municipal employees
Dog handlers
Doctors and paramedics of communicable disease hospitals
A. Pre Exposure Vaccination mandatory for High risk group:
NaturalistsRural postmenslaughter house personnel Tannery workersTravelers in rabies endemic areas
Vaccine Name Manufacturer Presentation Aprox. Price
RABIPUR Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, GmbH 1 ml vial 500-600 Tk.
VERORAB Sanofi Pasteur Ltd 1 ml vial 450-550 Tk.
Cell culture vaccines available for for Human: (BANGLADESH)
* Vaccine is to be administered in WHO recommended schedule.
*NTV (not WHO recommended) is available in subsidized price in Govt. hospitals and IDH, Dhaka.
**The ID route is now being used in limited countries (Only 0.1ml/injection is administered) in ESSEN schedule (2-1-1-0-1).
Vaccine Name Producer Presentation Aprox. PriceRabisin (10 ml) Advanced
(Merial)10 ml vial 600-1000 Tk
NobivacRabies Sanofi Pasteur Ltd
10 ml vial 550 Tk
DogVec Rab - 1 ml vial 100 Tk
HEP/LEP LRI 50 Tk
Rabies Vaccines available for Animal Vaccination: (Bangladesh)
……….WHO Recommendations
Why Pre-exposure vaccination? Prepares the immune system to have anaemnestic response
when the actual bite takes place. It will reduce the necessity of immunoglobulin
requirements as the active immunity is triggered immediately.
It will reduce the risk, in case, Post- Exposure Treatment (PET) is delayed due to non-availability of vaccine in remote areas.
It reduces the number of Post-Exposure Treatment doses to three instead of the usual six.
For high risk groups: Test the antibody titres every six months. Revaccination is recommended, if the serum antibody titre falls below 0.5 IU/ml.
44
Dosage Schedule for pre-exposure vaccination three injections of cell culture vaccines with a
potency of at least 2.5 IU
Continued immune status can be maintained by a booster after one year and there after a booster once in every three years
Day 0 Day 7 Day 28 1 year every 3 years
……….WHO Recommendations
Factors to be considered before initiating post-exposure treatments:
The nature of exposure
The presence of reported cases of rabies in the area
The species of animal involved
The clinical and vaccination status of the biting animal
The availability of the animal for observationThe results of laboratory testing of the animal, if available
……….WHO Recommendations
B. Post Exposure Treatment (PET):
Type of contact, exposure and recommended PET
……….WHO Recommendations
I. PET – Local wound treatment:……….WHO Recommendations
Administration of rabies immunoglobulin:
Should be given for all Category III exposure (severe bites), irrespective of interval between exposure and beginning of treatment
Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) OR Equine rabies immunoglobulin (ERIG) may be used
A skin test must be performed prior to the administration of Equine rabies immnoglobins, ERIGs
……….WHO Recommendations
Should be given as much as possible , the recommended dose should
be infiltrated around the wounds, if anatomically feasible
The remainder should be administered IM (into gluteal region ) in a
single dose
The WHO recommended dose :
40 IU/kg body weight, ERIG
20 IU/kg body weight, HRIG
……….WHO Recommendations
51
III. PET Vaccine Administration: (Tissue-Culture) The vaccine used should have a potency of at least
2.5 IU per dose
Intramuscular Schedule One dose of vaccine should be administered on
days 0,3,7,14 , 28 & 90
Day 0 D 3 D 7 D 14 D 28 D 90
……….WHO Recommendations
Post-Exposure Treatment of persons who have been vaccinated previously
Local treatment of wounds must be carried outPersons with previous full pre or post exposure treatment
with a potent cell-culture vaccine Only two doses are needed (days 0 to 3) No rabies immunoglobulin recommended
Persons with full per- or post exposure treatment vaccine of unproven potency, and/or low anti-body titre (<0.5 IU) Should receive a complete post-exposure treatment course, including rabies immnoglobins if indicated.
……….WHO Recommendations
The decision making tree in rabies exposure:
Frequently Asked Questions.
Q. Bat rabies in present in Indian subcontinent?
A. Yet Undiscovered
Q. Does hydrophobia develops in rabid animal?
A. NO
Q. Have consumed milk of a rabid cow/buffalo/goat?
A. If boiled Ok/Go PET
Q. Is there any carrier state of rabies?
A. Yet Undiscovered/ freaks of Nature
Q. How valid the10 days duration of observation ?
A. Only valid for dog and cat
Q. Pet dog / dog which is bitten by a stray dog? A. Euthanasia/PET (close observation)
Q. Patient died of rabies but the biting dog is alive? A. Carrier state/unusual
Q. Handled (or eaten) the raw meat of a rabid animal? A. Full PET
Q. Can a vaccinated dog transmit rabies? A. No, if carriers protective antibody. In confusion start PET until
observation period is over.
Q. vaccinated dog died of sudden unexplained death? A. Postmortem-diagnosis-PET (if positive)
Q. Provoked bites differ from unprovoked bites ?A. Just go for PET
…..Animal rabies
Q. Unvaccinated or partially vaccinated pet dog/cat is bitten by a dog?A. PET and discontinue if observation period ok.
Q. Why PET is required for a bite by a vaccinated dog? A. If not Titre detected.
Q. vaccinated pet dog is bitten by a rabid animal? A. Euthanasia, PPT not confirm.
…..Animal rabies
Q. vaccinated dog died of sudden unexplained death?
A. Postmortem-diagnosis-PPT (if positive)
Q. Provoked bites differ from unprovoked bites ?
A. Just go for PET
Q. Unvaccinated or partially vaccinated pet dog/cat is bitten by a dog?
A. PET and discontinue if observation period ok.
Q. vaccinated pet dog is bitten by a rabid animal?
A. Euthanasia, PET not confirm.
…..Animal rabies
…..Human Rabies
Q. Why a person does not acquire immunity against rabies naturally like other disease?
A. Neurotrophic virus.
Q. Can rabies be transmitted from man to man ?
A. YES, even by organ transplantation.
Q. Are there any survivors of Rabies/hydrophobia ?
A. 4 reports but all had previous immunization.
Q. Kissing of a hydrophobia patient require PET immunization?
A. YES
Q. Can rabies be transmitted through Sexual intercourse?
A. Yes, Category III
Q. Pregnant woman develops hydrophobia, Then? A. Caesarian section and PET for infant.
Q. Can a rabies vaccine be given to a pregnant woman? A.YES
Q. Lactating mother be given anti-rabies vaccine? A.YES
Q. What are the criteria for “Protection” after immunization? A. Rabies Neutralizing Antibody titre of > 0.5 IU / ml of serum
Q. Is there a one shot ARV? A .No, there is no ARV which gives lifelong immunity in one shot.
Q. Efficacy of NTV v/s TCVs ?A. NTV is known to produce neuroparalytic accident after 5-7 injections , TCV safer.
Q. Can ARV be given along with other vaccines? A. YESQ. “Potency” of ARV ? A. For NTVs it is a minimum of 0.3 antigenic value and for TCVs it is >2.5 IU / dose. Q. Intradermal (I.D.) schedule of vaccination?A. 0.1ml in upper arm at ESSEN schedule, in specialized centers only.Q. Accidentally the TCV was kept in the freezer. Can it be used?A.NOQ. Change of TCV brands in the middle of course? A. Possible.Q. RIG administration, side effects? A. Hypersensitivity may occur, should be given under institutional setup.
Prevention at the animal source is the key strategy in dealing with a prevalent zoonotic disease like rabies.
Control of stray dog populations should rank high on the agenda of developing countries
Animal vaccination remains the method of choice to control and eradicate rabies
When 70% of the dog population is vaccinated, human cases are dramatically reduced or even eliminated.
Success story; In Mexico, after 5 years of a nationwide dog vaccination campaign, the number of human rabies deaths was reduced from 60 per year to less than 20.
CONTROL OF RABIES:
Today only 10% of financial resources used to treat people after a dog bite would sufficient to national Veterinary Services of the world to eradicate rabies in animals and stop virtually all human cases.
For ethical, ecological and economic reasons the killing of potential infected animals should not be considered to be the sole method for control and eradication of rabies.
Stray Dogs shelter and neutering campaign might be the tool of choice.
All successful rabies eradication campaigns in the developing world have combined population control of in-excess stray dogs and systemic vaccination of owned dogs.
Key players in prevention and control of rabies Worldwide….
GLOBAL ALLIANCE FOR RABIES CONTROL
Non profit organization:Global Alliance for Rabies has two
branches: The Alliance for Rabies Control,
established in Scotland in 2006 The Global Alliance for Rabies
Control, established in 2007 in the USA
Mission of the Global Alliance for Rabies Control is to prevent human rabies deaths, especially in children, and to alleviate the burden of rabies in animal species.
WORLD RABIES DAY; SEPTEMBER 28
The mission
To raise awareness about the impact of human and animal rabies, preventive measures, and to eliminate the main global sources.
www.worldrabiesday.org
At least 105 countries participated and 10,000 Veterinary clinics received World Rabies Day messages in 2009
Since the inaugural campaign in 2007, World Rabies Day events have been held in 135 countries; educating 150 million people and vaccinating 4.6 million dogs.
Rabies in Asia foundation Bangladesh, APCRIB , Director General Of Health Services, Govt. of Bangladesh Observed world rabies day 2010 in Dhaka accordingly with Rally and Advocacy meeting, news reporting, souvenir printed.
WORLD RABIES DAY; SEPTEMBER 28…….
Asian Rabies Expert Bureau
An informal group of experts in rabies including members of nine Asian countries :
Bangladesh – China – India – Indonesia – Pakistan – Philippines – Sri Lanka – Thailand – Viet Nam
AREB objectives: To present and discuss the rabies situation in their respective countries, exchange
points of view, consider specific problems encountered in their clinical practice and find practical solutions
WHO Collaborating Centers for Rabies Research:
IN BANGLADESH:
In Bangladesh stray dog is the main transmitter of Rabies and responsible almost 99% cases.
There is no official figure on the number of stray dogs in the country but more than 2.5 million is estimated by officials.
Every year more than 20,000 dogs are culled in and around the capital, Dhaka, alone.
Thousands of stray dogs are being inhumanly killed in name of rabies prevention program in municipalities and city corporations all over the nation which has proven unworthy.
The inhuman culling is not a solution. For ethical, ecological and economic reasons the killing of potential infected animals should not be considered to be the sole method for control and eradication of rabies.
All successful rabies eradication campaigns in the developing world
have combined population control of in-excess stray dogs and systemic
vaccination of owned dogs.
Animal Birth control (ABC) and simultaneous vaccination could be
the best probable solution.
Oral vaccination can also be taken into consideration.
A pilot programme undertaken in a small island of Meghna river in
Narsingdi where all the male dogs which have been sterilized and
vaccinated have been given black collars for identification.
Government Initiatives:Human Health:
DGHS SSMCIEDCRIPHDMCIDH
Animal health:DGLSCVHCDILLRI
Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)
Directorate General of Health ServicesMinistry of Health and Family Welfare
Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh
The target is to eliminate rabies by the year 2020.a. Short term target: 2010-2012
i. Registration and vaccination of dogsii. Procurement, supplies and staff training and activity including
piloting of Intradermal (ID) vaccine (IDRV) in IDH for human rabies
b. Mid term target: 2012-2016: Implementation of program with cell culture vaccine
c. Long term target: 2015-2020: Manufacture of vaccine and Immunoglobulin locally
Five main strategy for rabies control and elimination:A. Control of human rabiesB. Control of animal rabiesC. Effective disease and animal reservoir surveillance.D. Operational researchE. Social mobilization and partnership.
Diagnosis and immediate supportive management:• Early diagnosis and supportive management would help to reduce the risk of transmission, morbidity and peaceful mortality.• For early diagnosis and supportive treatment has to be undertaken in all district hospitals and Medical college hospitals• Requires trained health care providers ( doctors, nurses, paramedics and field staff), diagnostic facilities and adequate supply of effective logistics and emergency medicines• Patient management will be done at the Infectious Disease Hospitals of Bangladesh• Rabies will be diagnosed based on clinical presentation and lab diagnosis. In certain percentage of cases, Viral isolation by culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) will be done for confirming the diagnosis
Animal rabies control measures: Focus on Dog
I. Estimation of dogs population of Bangladesh and identification of source of stray dogII. improve health and welfare of owned and stray dog population;III. reduce numbers of stray dogs to an acceptable level through animal birth controlIV. Promote responsible dog ownership.V. Assist in the creation and maintenance of a rabies immune or rabies free dog population.VI. Environmental control of stray dogs by proper food waste disposalVII. Community participation through the establishment of community funds and mobilization of community volunteers during vaccination campaign should be promoted
Dog population control measures:
Education and legislation for responsible ownershipRegistration and identification of dogs (licensing)Reproductive control
a) surgical sterilization; b) chemical sterilization
• Removal and handling• Environmental controls• Control of dog movement – international
(export/import)-General provisions-Rabies free country or territory
Bangladesh Anti Rabies Alliance (BARA)Association of prevention and control of rabies in Bangladesh (APCRIB)Avayoronna International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B)Rabies in Asia Foundation (RIAF), Bangladesh
Ngo’s and Others taking initiatives….
Bangladesh Anti Rabies Alliance [BARA]
BARA takes active part in observing World Rabies Day 28 Sep each year.
Practical Training (TOT) on Animal Birth Control (ABC)
Objectives: Local and national Capacity building and to plan and implement selective and suitable preventive measures for the reduction
of incidence of human and animal rabies in Bangladesh
“Obhoyaronno” is working to stop inhuman killing of stray dogs and to establish Bangladesh as a no-culling nation by 2015.
NO CULLING
In CVASU:A research work is currently under execution “Introduction and Standardization of the Suitable Diagnostic tools for Animal Rabies Detection and molecular characterization of prevailing rabies virus”:
Brain tissue and Saliva Samples are being collected from:
Animals suspected for rabies (Observed by owners and vets)
Randomly collected strays form different areas of Chittagong.
CVASU DPP Diagnosing rabies by using ….
Lateral Flow Immunoassay Seller’s staining and Histopathology
Confirm by RT-PCR
VACCINATION CAPRAIGN FOR DOGS AGAINSTRABIES……..
Organized by S.A.Q TVH, CVASU
…….So People from Many aspects Involved for elimination of this Zoonosis
WHERE ARE THE VETS??Veterinarians are the unique group of people having capability to
understand the animal-human disease dynamics
……shouldn't we be more active in this campaign?
Shouldn’t we take this as a chance to go toward
“One World One Health” Concept???
WE HAVE GLORIFIED HISTORY OF
ERADICATINGRINDERPEST
WE CAN DO THE SAME FOR RABIES…….
SO IN WORLD VETERINARY DAY, 2011
“RAISE AWARENESS ABOUT RABIES; PARTICIPATE IN PREVENTION AND
CONTROL”
……Everyone is in Risk
All measures are available
Why stay Behind…,.
Vets.. It’s Time to “Get Involved”
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