quiad e azam m ali jinnah history muhammad ali jinnah
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8/3/2019 Quiad e Azam m Ali Jinnah History Muhammad Ali Jinnah
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QUIAD E AZAM M ALI JINNAH HISTORY Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Urdu: ح لی ج ع د و ه, Audio (help·info); December
25, 1876–
September 11, 1948) was an Indian Muslim lawyer, politician,
statesman and the founder of Pakistan. He is popularly and officially
known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam (Urdu: ن ظ ع ا د ئ ق — "Great Leader")
and Baba-e-Qaum (م ق ے ئ ب ب ) ("Father of the Nation").
Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on August 14, 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from August 15, 1947 until hisdeath on September 11, 1948. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress
initially expounding ideas of Hindu-Muslim unity and helping shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact
between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress; he also became a key leader inthe All India Home Rule League. He proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to
safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing India.
Jinnah later advocated the two-nation theory embracing the goal of creating a separate Muslim
state as per the Lahore Resolution.[7]
The League won most reserved Muslim seats in the
elections of 1946. After the British and Congress backed out of the Cabinet Mission Plan Jinnahcalled for a Direct Action Day to achieve the formation of Pakistan. This direct action[8][9] by the
Muslim League and its Volunteer Corps resulted in massive rioting in Calcutta[9][10] between
Muslims and Hindus.[10][11]
As the Indian National Congress and Muslim League failed to reach
a power sharing formula for united India, it prompted both the parties and the British to agree to
the independence of Pakistan and India. As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah ledefforts to lay the foundations of the new state of Pakistan, frame national policies and rehabilitate
millions of Muslim refugees who had migrated from India. Jinnah also assumed the role and titleof 'Protector General of the Hindu Minority' during Hindu-Muslim riots after 1947.[12] Jinnah
died aged 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the
British Empire. After his death, Jinnah left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan, and
according to Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah remained Pakistan's greatest leader since the establishmentof Pakistan in 1947.[13]
Jinnah was born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai (Gujarati: )[14] in Wazir
Mansion Karachi.[15][16][17] Sindh had earlier been conquered by the British and was subsequently
grouped with other conquered territories for administrative reasons to form the Bombay
Presidency of British India. His earliest school records state that he was born on October 20,
1875. However, Jinnah's first biography, authored by Sarojini Naidu, as well as his officialpassport state the date of birth as December 25, 1876.
Jinnah was the first child born to Mithibai and Jinnahbhai Poonja. His father, Jinnahbhai (1857 – 1902), was a prosperous Gujarati merchant who hailed from the state of Gondal situated in the
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Kathiawar region province of Gujarat (present day India). He had moved to Karachi from
Kathiawar, because of his business partnership with Grams Trading Company whose regionaloffice was set up in Karachi, then a part of the Bombay presidency. He moved to Karachi some
times before Jinnah's birth.[18][15][19]
His grandfather, Poonja Gokuldas Meghji,[20]
was a Hindu
Bhatia Rajput from Paneli village in Gondal state in Kathiawar. Jinnah's ancestors were Hindu
Rajputs; his grandfather had converted to Islam.
[19]
Jinnah's family belonged to the Ismaili Khoja branch of Shi'a Islam,[1] though Jinnah later converted to Twelver Khoja Shi'a Islam.[2][5][6]
The first-born Jinnah was soon joined by six siblings; three brothers - Ahmad Ali, Bunde Ali,
and Rahmat Ali - and three sisters - Maryam, Fatima and Shireen. Their mother language was
Gujarati; in time they also came to speak Kutchi, Sindhi and English.[21]
The proper Muslimnames of Mr. Jinnah and his siblings, unlike those of his father and grandfather, are the
consequence of the family's immigration to the predominantly Muslim state of Sindh.
Jinnah was a restless student and studied at several schools: first at the Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam in Karachi; then briefly at the Gokal Das Tej Primary School in Bombay; and finally at the
Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi,
[14]
where, at the age of sixteen, he passedthe matriculation examination of the University of Bombay.[22]
[edit] Years in England
Jinnah was offered an apprenticeship at the London office of Graham's Shipping and Trading
Company, a business that had extensive dealings with Jinnahbhai Poonja's firm in Karachi.[14]
Before he left for England in 1892, at his mother's urging, he married his distant cousin – EmibaiJinnah, who was two years his junior;[14] she died a few months later. During his sojourn in
England, his mother too would pass away.[19] In London, Jinnah soon left the apprenticeship to
study law instead, by joining Lincoln's Inn. It is said that the sole reason of Jinnah's joining
Lincoln's Inn is that the welcome board of the Lincoln's Inn had the names of the world's all-timetop-ten magistrates, and that this list was led by the name of Muhammad. No such board exists,
although there is a mural which includes a picture of Muhammad.[19]
In three years, at age 19, he
became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England.[19]
During his student years in England, Jinnah came under the spell of 19th-century British
liberalism, like many other future Indian independence leaders. This education includedexposure to the idea of the democratic nation and progressive politics. He admired William
Gladstone and John Morley, British Liberal statesmen. An admirer of the Indian political leaders
Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta,[23]
he worked with other Indian students on the
former's successful campaign to become the first Indian to hold a seat in the British Parliament.
By now, Jinnah had developed largely constitutionalist views on Indian self-government, and he
condemned both the arrogance of British officials in India and the discrimination practiced bythem against Indians. This idea of a nation legitimized by democratic principles and cultural
commonalities was antithetical to the genuine diversity that had generally characterized the
subcontinent. As an Indian intellectual and political authority, Jinnah would find his commitmentto the Western ideal of the nation-state developed during his English education – and the reality
of heterogeneous Indian society to be difficult to reconcile during his later political career.
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Muhmmad Ali Jinnah's passport issued by the British Raj.
[edit] Western influences on personal life
The Western world not only inspired Jinnah in his political life. England had greatly influenced
his personal preferences, particularly when it came to dress. Jinnah donned Western style
clothing and he pursued the fashion with fervor. It is said he owned over 200 hand-tailored suits
which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars. It is also alleged that henever wore the same silk tie twice.[24]
[edit] Return to India
Muhammad Ali Jinnah as a young lawyer
During the final period of his stay in England, Jinnah came under considerable pressure to return
home when his father's business was ruined. In 1896 he returned to India and settled in Bombay.Jinnah built a house in Malabar Hill, later known as Jinnah House. He became a successful
lawyer, gaining particular fame for his skilled handling of the "Caucus Case".[23]
His reputationas a skilled lawyer prompted Indian leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak to hire him as defence counsel
for his sedition trial in 1908. Jinnah argued that it was not sedition for an Indian to demand
freedom and self-government in his own country, but Tilak received a rigorous term of imprisonment.[23]
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When he returned to India his faith in liberalism and progressive politics was confirmed through
his close association with three Indian National Congress stalwarts Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta and Surendranath Banerjee. These people had an influence in his early life in
England and they would influence his later involvement in Indian politics.[25]
[edit] Early political career
This photo shows M.A Jinnah, as a young lawyer.
In 1906, Jinnah joined the Indian National Congress, which was the largest Indian politicalorganization. Like most of the Congress at the time, Jinnah did not favour outright independence,
considering British influences on education, law, culture and industry as beneficial to India.Jinnah became a member on the sixty-member Imperial Legislative Council. The council had no
real power or authority, and included a large number of un-elected pro-Raj loyalists and
Europeans. Nevertheless, Jinnah was instrumental in the passing of the Child Marriages
Restraint Act , the legitimization of the Muslim waqf (religious endowments) and was appointedto the Sandhurst committee, which helped establish the Indian Military Academy at Dehra
Dun.[15][26]
During World War I, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British
war effort, hoping that Indians would be rewarded with political freedoms.
Jinnah had initially avoided joining the All India Muslim League, founded in 1906, regarding itas too Muslim oriented. However he decided to provide leadership to the Muslim minority.
Eventually, he joined the league in 1913 and became the president at the 1916 session in
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Lucknow. Jinnah was the architect of the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the
League, bringing them together on most issues regarding self-government and presenting aunited front to the British. Jinnah also played an important role in the founding of the All India
Home Rule League in 1916. Along with political leaders Annie Besant and Tilak, Jinnah
demanded "home rule" for India — the status of a self-governing dominion in the Empire similar
to Canada, New Zealand and Australia. He headed the League's Bombay Presidency chapter.
In 1918, Jinnah married his second wife Rattanbai Petit ("Ruttie"), twenty-four years his junior.She was the fashionable young daughter of his personal friend Sir Dinshaw Petit, of an elite Parsi
family of Bombay. Unexpectedly there was great opposition to the marriage from Rattanbai's
family and Parsi society, as well as orthodox Muslim leaders. Rattanbai defied her family andnominally converted to Islam, adopting (though never using) the name Maryam Jinnah, resulting
in a permanent estrangement from her family and Parsi society. The couple resided in Bombay,
and frequently travelled across India and Europe. In 1919 she bore Jinnah his only child,
daughter Dina Jinnah.
In 1924 Jinnah reorganized the Muslim League, of which he had been president since 1916, anddevoted the next seven years attempting to bring about unity among the disparate ranks of Muslims and to develop a rational formula to effect a Hindu-Muslim settlement, which he
considered the pre condition for Indian freedom. He attended several unity conferences, wrote
the Delhi Muslim Proposals in 1927, pleaded for the incorporation of the basic Muslim demands
in the Nehru report, and formulated the ―Fourteen Points‖.[27]
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