psychology 106 psychological principles for nursing liam ennis, ph.d. liame@ualberta.ca
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PSYCHOLOGY 106PSYCHOLOGY 106Psychological Principles for Psychological Principles for
NursingNursing
Liam Ennis, Ph.D.Liam Ennis, Ph.D.
liame@ualberta.caliame@ualberta.ca
ProloguePrologue
Cover the basics of psychological Cover the basics of psychological principles and show explain how these principles and show explain how these principles can be applied to solve human principles can be applied to solve human problems (and wherever possible, problems (and wherever possible, nursing-related human problems.nursing-related human problems.
Introductory course – Cover lot’s of Introductory course – Cover lot’s of ground, but in a primarily cursory fashionground, but in a primarily cursory fashion
If you have questions… ask them.If you have questions… ask them.
Psychology & SciencePsychology & Science
Psychology is the science of the mind Psychology is the science of the mind and behaviourand behaviour
Psychological data are always based on Psychological data are always based on observed behaviour - inferences made observed behaviour - inferences made re: mindre: mind Behaviour: Any process or activity that is Behaviour: Any process or activity that is
directly observabledirectly observable Mind: Can’t be observed directly (e.g., Mind: Can’t be observed directly (e.g.,
thought processes, motivation, etc.)thought processes, motivation, etc.)Black BoxBlack Box
History of PsychologyHistory of Psychology
• First ‘psychologists’ were First ‘psychologists’ were philosophers (e.g., Aristotle, philosophers (e.g., Aristotle, Socrates, Plato)Socrates, Plato)
• Speculation about the source of Speculation about the source of human knowledge, nature of mind human knowledge, nature of mind and soul, mind-body relationship, and soul, mind-body relationship, whether these constructs could be whether these constructs could be studied objectivelystudied objectively
• Determinism vs. Free WillDeterminism vs. Free Will
History of PsychologyHistory of Psychology
• Descartes - French philosopher• Dualism - man consists of 2 distinct but Dualism - man consists of 2 distinct but
conjoined entities: Material body and conjoined entities: Material body and immaterial soulimmaterial soul
• Body is part of natural world and can be Body is part of natural world and can be studied scientificallystudied scientifically
• Soul - not bound by natural law - Soul - not bound by natural law - “unstudy-able”“unstudy-able”
History of PsychologyHistory of Psychology
Descartes cont’d: Descartes cont’d: concerned with mechanical processes of concerned with mechanical processes of behaviour which he felt were unrelated to soulbehaviour which he felt were unrelated to soul
Animals don’t have souls, yet engage in many Animals don’t have souls, yet engage in many basic physiological behaviours that humans dobasic physiological behaviours that humans do
Any activity performed by humans that is Any activity performed by humans that is qualitatively no different from what animals qualitatively no different from what animals can do, occurs without the soulcan do, occurs without the soul
role of senses, organs, reflexesrole of senses, organs, reflexes
Thomas Hobbes (1588-Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)1679)
British - struggle between church and stateBritish - struggle between church and state
tutor to King Charles IItutor to King Charles II
Believed soul to be a meaningless conceptBelieved soul to be a meaningless concept
Materialism:Materialism: nothing exists but matter & nothing exists but matter & energyenergy
All human behaviour can be understood re: All human behaviour can be understood re: physical processesphysical processes
Thought = product of brain-body Thought = product of brain-body machinery, subject to natural lawmachinery, subject to natural law
EmpiricismEmpiricism
John LockeJohn Locke – philosopher in the early – philosopher in the early 1600’s1600’s
Empiricism: Knowledge is gained through Empiricism: Knowledge is gained through our senses and experience, not through our senses and experience, not through speculationspeculation
British Empiricists: all human knowledge British Empiricists: all human knowledge and thought derive from sensory and thought derive from sensory experienceexperience
Thought subject to natural law and may Thought subject to natural law and may be studied scientificallybe studied scientifically
PsychophysiologyPsychophysiology
19th century - emphasis on machinery of 19th century - emphasis on machinery of behaviourbehaviour
Central nervous system, sensation and Central nervous system, sensation and perceptionperception
Reflexology - every human behaviour Reflexology - every human behaviour understood as a reflex, initiated by understood as a reflex, initiated by environmental stimulienvironmental stimuli
localization of function - Brocalocalization of function - Broca
Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov
1905 Nobel Prize for dog salivation 1905 Nobel Prize for dog salivation researchresearch
Conditioned reflexesConditioned reflexes
Reliance on precise measurement of Reliance on precise measurement of behaviour and presentation of stimulibehaviour and presentation of stimuli
Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
Consistent with theory of evolution, Consistent with theory of evolution, traits and behaviours can be traits and behaviours can be examined for the function it serves in examined for the function it serves in allowing the organism to survive and allowing the organism to survive and reproduce in natural environmentreproduce in natural environment
Helped convince intellectual world Helped convince intellectual world that humans are part of nature, just that humans are part of nature, just like animals, and can be understood like animals, and can be understood through the methods of sciencethrough the methods of science
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
• Commonly viewed as the father of Commonly viewed as the father of psychological sciencepsychological science
• Wrote first psych text everWrote first psych text ever• Founded the first psych lab at University of Founded the first psych lab at University of
Leipzig (Germany) in 1879Leipzig (Germany) in 1879• Utilized Utilized introspection introspection to study consciousness to study consciousness
• To look inward to examine one’s own conscious To look inward to examine one’s own conscious experienceexperience
• examination of the simplest mental processes - examination of the simplest mental processes - sensations, memories, etc. sensations, memories, etc.
• Fast occurring processes = simplestFast occurring processes = simplest
Edward TitchnerEdward Titchner
Student of Wundt’sStudent of Wundt’s
Laboratory at Cornell UniversityLaboratory at Cornell University
Pioneered the Structuralist view of Pioneered the Structuralist view of psychologypsychology The proper goal of psychology was the The proper goal of psychology was the
identification of the elements/structures of identification of the elements/structures of the mind and determine how they combine the mind and determine how they combine with one anotherwith one another
Wundt correctly warned of limitations of Wundt correctly warned of limitations of introspectionintrospection
William JamesWilliam James
First psychological lab & text in America – First psychological lab & text in America – Harvard University (1890)Harvard University (1890)
Rejected structuralism - can’t understand Rejected structuralism - can’t understand a house by looking at the bricksa house by looking at the bricks
Influenced by Darwin – natural selection Influenced by Darwin – natural selection and adaptive behaviourand adaptive behaviour
Functionalism: the study of the function of Functionalism: the study of the function of behaviour, and how people behave in behaviour, and how people behave in order to adapt to their environments.order to adapt to their environments.
Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud
Pioneered psychoanalysis in order to Pioneered psychoanalysis in order to understand how the unconscious understand how the unconscious influences human behavior. influences human behavior. Conceptualized the mind as having three Conceptualized the mind as having three components; components; the the IdId, responsible for our drives to meet our , responsible for our drives to meet our
physiological needs and desires; physiological needs and desires; the the SuperegoSuperego, incorporates the rules and morals of , incorporates the rules and morals of
the society we live inthe society we live in the the EgoEgo, the conscious part of our minds that , the conscious part of our minds that
mediates between the Id and Superego so that we mediates between the Id and Superego so that we may get our needs met in a socially acceptable way. may get our needs met in a socially acceptable way.
John B. WatsonJohn B. Watson
Mental constructs were of no value in Mental constructs were of no value in explaining human behaviour, and explaining human behaviour, and only obscured psychological only obscured psychological investigation and theoryinvestigation and theoryAll behaviour reflexive – all behavior All behaviour reflexive – all behavior can be understood as can be understood as reactions/responses to events in the reactions/responses to events in the environmentenvironmentSpent latter part of his career in Spent latter part of his career in advertisingadvertising
B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner
Behaviorist – Operant Learning & Behaviorist – Operant Learning & ConditioningConditioning
Disagreed with emphasis on reflexesDisagreed with emphasis on reflexes
Focused on consequences of Focused on consequences of behaviourbehaviour
Behaviour contingent on influence of Behaviour contingent on influence of reinforcers in one’s environmentreinforcers in one’s environment
Behaviourism dominated psychology Behaviourism dominated psychology from 1920’s – 1980’sfrom 1920’s – 1980’s
Albert BanduraAlbert Bandura
Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory Observational learning Observational learning Aggression/Bo-Bo DollAggression/Bo-Bo Doll Modelling Modelling
Carl RogersCarl Rogers
Felt psychoanalysis and behaviourism Felt psychoanalysis and behaviourism devalued the conscious human minddevalued the conscious human mind
Humanistic or Client-Centered Psychology Humanistic or Client-Centered Psychology (Maslow)(Maslow)
Theory based on assumption that we all Theory based on assumption that we all have an inherent actualizing tendency - have an inherent actualizing tendency - beyond basic needsbeyond basic needs tendency stunted by others who criticize tendency stunted by others who criticize
and inhibitand inhibit Unconditional, positive regardUnconditional, positive regard
Cognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology
Increasingly popular since 1970’sIncreasingly popular since 1970’s
emphasizes how people take in, emphasizes how people take in, organize and make mental organize and make mental representations and store informationrepresentations and store information.. Also study how these processes Also study how these processes effect behavior effect behavior
thought mediates behaviourthought mediates behaviour
How we think about things influences How we think about things influences emotion, decision making, behaviouremotion, decision making, behaviour
Biology & the BrainBiology & the Brain
Role of brain functioning as it relates Role of brain functioning as it relates to behaviour and psychological to behaviour and psychological processesprocesses
Heredity and behavioural geneticsHeredity and behavioural genetics
neurochemical processes of memory neurochemical processes of memory & thought& thought
magnetic fieldsmagnetic fields
technologically basedtechnologically based
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