property value

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Property ValueJarred McGinnis

Research Scientist Assistant

May 13, 2002

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Motivation• In the component library, There

exists entities and events and relations between the two

• Allows the representation of things that exist and occur

• The need to express more more developed and richer representations of entities and events

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Outline

I. Property Value BasicsII. Appearance in ShakenIII. ConstraintsIV. Increase and DecreaseV. Open Issues

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Why Properties are not Entities

• Entities are independent• Properties are not independent• Dependent on entities and events• Entities are derived from nouns• Properties arise from adjectives

and adverbs

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InventoryFrom node property To node

Entity age Age-Value

Entity animacy Animacy-Value

Tangible-Entity area Area-Value

Tangible-Entity breakability Breakability-Value

Tangible-Entity brightness Brightness-Value

Tangible-Entity capacity Capacity-Value

Tangible-Entity color Color-Value

Tangible-Entity consistency Consistency-Value

Tangible-Entity density Density-Value

Tangible-Entity depth Depth-Value

Event direction Direction-Value

Event distance Distance-Value

Event duration Duration-Value

Event frequency Frequency-Value

Tangible-Entity height Height-Value

Tangible-Entity integrity Integrity-Value

Tangible-Entity length Length-ValueEvent manner Manner-ValueTangible-Entity mass Mass-ValueChemical-Object pH PH-ValueChemical-Object polarity Polarity-ValueEvent rate Rate-ValueOrganism sentience Sentience-ValueOrganism sex Sex-ValueTangible-Entity shape Shape-ValueTangible-Entity size Size-ValueTangible-Entity smell Smell-ValueTangible-Entity taste Taste-ValueTangible-Entity temperature Temperature-ValueTangible-Entity texture Texture-ValueTangible-Entity thickness Thickness-ValueTangible-Entity volume Volume-ValueTangible-Entity wetness Wetness-ValueTangible-Entity width Width-Value

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Property-Group Hierarchy• Property-Group

– Constant• Age-Constant

– *old

– Property-Value• Age-Value

– Scale• Age-Scale

– *young-old-scale

– Unit of Measurement• UoM-Area

– *square-inch

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Three Kinds of Properties• Cardinal

– (:pair <number> <unit of measurement>)

– Ex: 5o Celsius

• Scalar– (:pair <constant> <class>)– Ex: a truck is wide with respect to cars

• Categorical– (<constant>)– Ex: red shirt

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Scales and Scalars

Cold to Hot scale -(:seq *cold *warm *hot)

Freezing to Boiling scale - (:seq *freezing *cold *warm *hot

*boiling)

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Representation in KM

(*yourshirt has (instance-of (Object))(color ((a Color-Value with

(value (*white)) ))

))• constants go to values, values go to properties

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(*mywater has (instance-of (Drink)) temperature ((a Temperature-Value

with (value ((:pair 20 *Celsius) (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)

))))))

Single Value with Multiple Representations

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Less than/Greater than/Same as

(*mywater has (instance-of (Drink)) temperature ((a Temperature-Value

with (value((:pair 20 *Celsius) (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)))

(less-than (the temperature of

*myhotwater)))))

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Outline

I. Property Value BasicsII. Appearance in ShakenIII. ConstraintsIV. Increase and DecreaseV. Open Issues

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Appearance in Shaken

• Link a concept to a property value via a property arc

• Add specific information about the property value

• Encode information comparing two property values

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Results of adding Values to a Property

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Comparison of Property Values

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Outline

I. Property Value BasicsII. Appearance in ShakenIII. ConstraintsIV. Increase and DecreaseV. Open Issues

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Constraints

• Syntax – the value formats are legal

• Semantic – the input is meaningful and relevant

• Bounds Checking– The value is within a user defined

range

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Constraints (Context)

(Property-Value has(min-value (constraint . . .(value (constraint . . .(max-value (constraint . . .

)

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Example

(*mywater has (instance-of (Drink)) temperature ((a Temperature-Value

with (value ((:pair 20 *Celsius) (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)

))))))

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Constraints (Syntax)(constraint ( (if (has-value (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self))) then (

(((the1 of TheValue) isa Number) and (oneof (the cardinal-unit-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the2 of TheValue)))) or ((oneof (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and ((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by (the domain of (the property-slot of Self))))) else ( (oneof (the categorical-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers TheValue)))) ))))

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Constraints (Syntax)(constraint ( (if (has-value (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self))) then (

(((20) isa Number) and (oneof (the cardinal-unit-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the2 of TheValue)))) or ((oneof (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and ((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by (the domain of (the property-slot of Self))))) else ( (oneof (the categorical-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers TheValue)))) ))))

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Constraints (Semantic)(temperature has (instance-of (Property))

(superslots ()) (subslots ()) (domain (Tangible-Entity)) (range (Temperature-Value)) (scale-class (Temperature-Scale))

(scalar-constant-class (Temperature-Constant)) (cardinal-unit-class (UoM-Temperature)) (inverse (temperature-of)) (fluent-status (*Inertial-Fluent)) (situation-specific (t)) (cardinality (N-to-N)))

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Property-Group Hierarchy• Property-Group

– Constant• Temperature-Constant

– *hot

– Property-Value• Temperature-Value

– Scale• Temperature-Scale

– *hot-cold-scale

– Unit of Measurement• UoM-Temperature

– *Fahrenheit

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Constraints (Context)

(Property-Value has(property-slot ((the range-of of

(the instance-of of Self)))) (property-of-slot ((the domain-of of

(the instance-of of Self))))(min-value (constraint . . .(value (constraint . . .(max-value (constraint . . .

)

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Example

(*mywater has (instance-of (Drink)) temperature ((a Temperature-Value

with (value ((:pair 20 *Celsius) (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)

))))))

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Constraints (Semantic, Cardinal)(constraint (

(if (has-value (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self))) then ( (((the1 of TheValue) isa Number) and

(oneof (the cardinal-unit-class of (the property-slot of Self))

where (It covers (the2 of TheValue)))) or ((oneof (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and ((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by (the domain of (the property-slot of Self))))) else ( (oneof (the categorical-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers TheValue)))) ))))

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Constraints (Semantic, Cardinal)(constraint (

(if (has-value (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self))) then ( (((the1 of TheValue) isa Number) and

(oneof (the cardinal-unit-class of (temperature))

where (It covers (the2 of TheValue)))) or ((oneof (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and ((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by (the domain of (the property-slot of Self))))) else ( (oneof (the categorical-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers TheValue)))) ))))

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Constraints (Semantic, Cardinal)(constraint (

(if (has-value (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self))) then ( (((the1 of TheValue) isa Number) and

(oneof (UoM-Temperature) where (It covers (*Celsius)))) or ((oneof (the scalar-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and ((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by (the domain of (the property-slot of Self))))) else ( (oneof (the categorical-constant-class of (the property-slot of Self)) where (It covers TheValue)))) ))))

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Constraints (Semantic, Scalar)

((oneof

(the scalar-constant-class of

(the property-slot of Self))

where

(It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and

((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by

(the domain of (the property-slot of Self)))))

• (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)

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Constraints (Semantic, Scalar)

((oneof

(the scalar-constant-class of

temperature)

where

(It covers (the1 of TheValue))) and

((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by

(the domain of (the property-slot of Self)))))

• (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)

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Constraints (Semantic, Scalar)

((oneof

(Temperature-Constant)

where

(It covers *cold <*hot>)) and

((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by

(the domain of (the property-slot of Self)))))

• (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)

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Constraints (Semantic, Scalar)((oneof

(the scalar-constant-class of

(the property-slot of Self))

where

(It covers (the1 of TheValue)))

and

((the2 of TheValue) is-subsumed-by

(the domain of (the property-slot of Self))

)))

• (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)

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Constraints (Semantic, Scalar)((oneof

(the scalar-constant-class of

(the property-slot of Self))

where

(It covers (the1 of TheValue)))

and

(Drink <Ice> is-subsumed-by

Tangible-Entity)

)))

• (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)

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Example(*mywater has (instance-of (Drink))

temperature ((a Temperature-Valuewith (value

((:pair 20 *Celsius) (:pair *cold Drink) (:pair *hot Ice)))

(min-value ((:pair –32 *Fahrenheit) (:pair *freezing Drink)))

(max-value ((:pair 173 *Kelvin) (:pair *boiling Drink)))

))))

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Constraints (Bounding)

• Written in Lisp• Determine whether the bounding value

is a cardinal, scalar or non-existent• Returns t if bounds are respected or

value does not exist• Returns nil if bounds are compromised

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Constraints (Bounding, Cardinals)

• Calls Novak conversion program• Compares the values (the value should

be greater than the minimum value but less than the maximum value

• Temperature values require a special function call

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Constraints (Bounding, Scalars)

• Find a value with the same reference class

• Find the first instance of a Scale that contains the constant from the value and bounding value

• Compare the position of each constant in the scale (the value should have a higher position than the min-value but a lower position than the max-value’s constant)

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Outline

I. Property Value BasicsII. Appearance in ShakenIII. ConstraintsIV. Increase and DecreaseV. Open Issues

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Increase/Decrease

• Slots of an Inc/Dec action are an object and a property of that object whose value is to be Inc/Dec

• New value will be greater-than/Less-than the old value

• Unique names for particular Inc/Dec

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Increase / DecreaseProperty (Increase/Decrease)

Age (-/Age)

Area(Contract/Expand)

Brightness(Dim/Brighten)

Length(Shorten/Lengthen)

Temperature(Cool/Heat)

Wetness(Dry/Wet)

Width(Narrow/Widen)

(every Heat has-definition

(instance-of (Increase))

(property (temperature)))

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Increase / Decrease

(*mytea has (instance-of (Substance))

(temperature (*myteatemperature)))

(*myteatemperature has (instance-of (Temperature-Value))

(value ((:pair *cool Substance))))

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Increase / Decrease[_Situation2] KM> (a Increase with (object (*mytea))

(property (temperature)))

(COMMENT: _Increase3 satisfies definition of Heat,)

(COMMENT: so changing _Increase3's classes from (Increase) to (Heat))

(_Increase3 #|"a Heat"|#)

[_Situation2] KM> (do-and-next (thelast Heat))

(_Situation5)

[_Situation5] KM> (the greater-than of (the temperature of *mytea))

(*myteatemperature)

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Outline

I. Property Value BasicsII. Appearance in ShakenIII. ConstraintsIV. Increase and DecreaseV. Open Issues

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Open Issues• Full implementation of Increase and

Decrease– Including integration with Shaken

• User-defined properties, constants, scales and actions that involve properties

• Full implementation of bounding– Back-end support

• Much stronger use of scales– Relating scales to cardinals

• (ex: *hot Drink = ? *Celsius)

– Possibility of a non-inclusive scale– Discrete scales vs. Non

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References

• Ken Barker. Shaken Properties and Values. http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/kbarker/working_notes/gpd01040201-Properties.html

• Ken Barker. An Inventory of Entity Properties. http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/kbarker/working_notes/properties.html

• Guarino, Nicola and Welty, Christopher. 2001 Identity and Subsumption. LADSEB-CNR Internal Report 01/2001