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Chapter 3Chapter 3Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

Mechanical Testing • Dynamic Mechanical Tests • Static Mechanical

Tests • Hardness Testing

Mechanical Testing • Dynamic Mechanical Tests • Static Mechanical

Tests • Hardness Testing

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

A mechanical force or load may be applied using five different methods.

A mechanical force or load may be applied using five different methods.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

Longitudinal and transverse test specimens taken from cold-rolled plate material exhibit different mechanical properties.

Longitudinal and transverse test specimens taken from cold-rolled plate material exhibit different mechanical properties.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

There are four classifications of cyclic stresses in fatigue. A cycle is each complete application of the stress.

There are four classifications of cyclic stresses in fatigue. A cycle is each complete application of the stress.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The magnitude of the fatigue limit depends on the stress repetition pattern, which is plotted on an S-N curve.

The magnitude of the fatigue limit depends on the stress repetition pattern, which is plotted on an S-N curve.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

Metal tested at a low strain rate is ductile compared with the same metal tested at a high strain rate.

Metal tested at a low strain rate is ductile compared with the same metal tested at a high strain rate.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

A universal pendulum impact tester can perform both the Charpy and Izod impact tests.

A universal pendulum impact tester can perform both the Charpy and Izod impact tests.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The V-notch is the most common Charpy and Izod impact test specimen.

The V-notch is the most common Charpy and Izod impact test specimen.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The swing of the pendulum after it strikes the test specimen indicates the energy absorbed on impact.

The swing of the pendulum after it strikes the test specimen indicates the energy absorbed on impact.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The main differences between the Charpy and Izod impact tests are the position of the notch and the method of support of the test specimen.

The main differences between the Charpy and Izod impact tests are the position of the notch and the method of support of the test specimen.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The sharper the inflection of the curve, the easier the estimation of the NDT temperature.

The sharper the inflection of the curve, the easier the estimation of the NDT temperature.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The drop weight test is more reliable than the Charpy when determining ductility.

The drop weight test is more reliable than the Charpy when determining ductility.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

A universal testing machine can be mechanical or hydraulic.A universal testing machine can be mechanical or hydraulic.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

A fillet is used on the tensile test specimen to minimize stress concentrations, and the gauge marks are always an equal distance from the center of the length of the reduced section.

A fillet is used on the tensile test specimen to minimize stress concentrations, and the gauge marks are always an equal distance from the center of the length of the reduced section.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

A variety of tensile test specimen ends are used to ensure secure and uniform gripping by the test machine.

A variety of tensile test specimen ends are used to ensure secure and uniform gripping by the test machine.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

An extensometer measures the extension of elongation of the tensile test specimen.

An extensometer measures the extension of elongation of the tensile test specimen.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The load-extension curve shows load and extension limits for metals.The load-extension curve shows load and extension limits for metals.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

Increased gauge length and reduced diameter at the narrowest point are measured and used to calculate the percent elongation and percent reduction in area.

Increased gauge length and reduced diameter at the narrowest point are measured and used to calculate the percent elongation and percent reduction in area.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The yield strength, or 0.2% offset, is calculated by measuring the stress that causes a specific permanent strain (usually 0.2%).

The yield strength, or 0.2% offset, is calculated by measuring the stress that causes a specific permanent strain (usually 0.2%).

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

Percent elongation is calculated from the gauge length.Percent elongation is calculated from the gauge length.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The guided bend test is an inexpensive and rapid method to check the quality of a weld.

The guided bend test is an inexpensive and rapid method to check the quality of a weld.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

Cupping tests provide an indication of the formability of sheet metal.

Cupping tests provide an indication of the formability of sheet metal.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

A torsion testing machine is used for determining a metal’s resistance to shear.

A torsion testing machine is used for determining a metal’s resistance to shear.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

A tropometer is used to measure the degree of twist during a torsion test.

A tropometer is used to measure the degree of twist during a torsion test.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The scleroscope hardness tester uses the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer from the test specimen surface to determine hardness.

The scleroscope hardness tester uses the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer from the test specimen surface to determine hardness.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The Equotip metal hardness tester can be used in five positions.

The Equotip metal hardness tester can be used in five positions.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The Brinell hardness tester applies a load for a specific period of time and causes an indentation that is used to calculate hardness.

The Brinell hardness tester applies a load for a specific period of time and causes an indentation that is used to calculate hardness.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

Soft or hard metals require careful measurement of their indentations in the Brinell test.

Soft or hard metals require careful measurement of their indentations in the Brinell test.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The Rockwell test uses two loads, a minor and a major, that are applied sequentially to determine hardness.

The Rockwell test uses two loads, a minor and a major, that are applied sequentially to determine hardness.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The Rockwell designation system consists of the hardness number followed by HR, which is followed by the letter indicating the specific Rockwell scale.

The Rockwell designation system consists of the hardness number followed by HR, which is followed by the letter indicating the specific Rockwell scale.

Chapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical TestingChapter 3Chapter 3 — — Mechanical TestingMechanical Testing

The microhardness measured by a microhardness tester is always higher than the bulk surface hardness.

The microhardness measured by a microhardness tester is always higher than the bulk surface hardness.