power sector planning ppt
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Power System Planning in India: An Outline
Globalization Impact :• INDIA is one of the fastest – growing economies of the world. Globalization has positively influenced almost every sector in the country, including the power sector.
• To keep pace with the new energy Challenges the government embarked upon a number of structural and operational changes to reform the power sector.
• The modifications mainly focused on bringing competition in different segments, setting up an independent regulatory commission, and establishing proper funding mechanism.
Status of Power Sector in India :• The emergence of the state electricity regulatory commissions (SERCs) is contributing toward the development of the power sector as a whole.
• They play an important role in rationalizing the tariffs, protecting customer interests, ensuring improved customer service, and setting the delivery standards. They also guide the open access process at the state level.
• The unbundling of the state electricity boards (SEBs) and the enactment of the electricity Act 2003 , along with National Electricity Policy (NEP) and National Tariff Policy (NTP), have created a strong policy framework to ensure investment in all sectors.
Electricity Act 2003 :• The Electricity Act 2003 has made many new provisions in the area of generation, transmission, and distribution.
• The generation has been liberalized and de‐licensed up to a certain extent.
• Electricity is now being treated as a commodity, and trading has been identified as an important activity for a competitive electricity market.
• The Act has facilitated development of an efficient and customer‐oriented distribution system.
National Electricity Policy :• The policy envisages power for all by 2012, rural electrification, reduction in T&D losses, better cost recovery, improved financial support, and greater private sector participation.
• It urges utilities to use state‐of‐the‐art technologies for management, operation, and control.
Accelerated Power Development and Reform Program (APDRP) :
• The APDRP is a striving central government initiative in the distribution segment launched in the year 2001.
• The program has the following main objectives:
• 1) reducing AT&C losses• 2) improving quality of supply of power• 3) increasing revenue collection• 4) improving consumer satisfaction.
• To avail the advantages of the program, it has been made compulsory for all the states to fulfill the eligibility criteria set by the central government.
Funding Mechanism:• Today, various reforms projects are funded through : *Accelerated Power Development and Reform Program (APDRP) , *Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidhyutikaran Yojana: Rajiv Gandhi Rural Electrification Plan (RGGVY), *Power Finance Corporation (PFC), and *Rural Electrification Corporation Limited (REC).
• International agencies like World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), and Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) are also providing funding in selected states.
• The commercial banks have also extended credit to the DISCOMs; the fund is mainly invested in improving the T&D network.
Status & Restructuring of Indian Power Sector :
• Electrical Power Industry/Sector has gone through several reforms and structural changes with focus on customer care.
• Conceptual evolutions like Energy Market Place, Electricity Trading, Open Access, Competitive Electricity Market Structures, etc. are some of them to mention here.
Current Status ‐ Generation
• Installed capacity: 1,50,000 MW as of June 2009
• Shortage:
Peaking : 12% (16.6% in 07-08)
Energy : 11% (9.9% in 07-08)
Plan Target (MW) Achieved (MW)
Percentage achievement (%)
8th (1992‐97) 30538 16423 53.80
9th (1997‐02) 40245 19119 47.50
10th (2002‐07) 41110 21180 51.70
WIND POWER INSTALLATIONS IN INDIA
Renewable Energy : Wind Power
Total Renewable Energy Sources ~ 13 GW
Wind Installed Capacity ~ 9 GW
Estimated Wind Potential ~ 45 GW
India: 5th Largest Wind Power Producer
Current Status ‐ Transmission
National Power Grid by 2012
Adoption of advanced technologies
800 kV UHV AC transmission
± 800 UHV DC Transmission
FACTS Projects
R‐APDRP: Introduction of Data centres at Discoms/States in India
Reduction of AT & C Losses to 15%
Emphasis on increasing reliability, efficiency and safety
Smart GridOpportunity for existing AGING systems to leapfrog by envisioning a futuristic power grid
Current Status ‐ Distribution
Smart Grid CharacteristicsEmerging technology
Integrates new technologies to enable re-look at design & operation of power system
• Detect & address emerging problems before they impact service
• Respond to local & system-wide inputs• Incorporate measurements & Feedback controls that
quickly return to stable system operation after disturbances• Automatically adapt protective systems to accommodate
changing system conditions• Re-route power flows, improve voltage profiles, change
load patterns etc. during contingencies• Enable loads & Distributed generation to participate in
operations• Self-healing & adaptive
Smart Grid Technological Drivers
Advanced metering Infrastructure (AMI)
Key component of smart grid
Able to dynamically monitor & price electricity consumption
Real Time pricing leading to Peak demand reduction – AMI may result in long lines
Encompasses all endpoint meters, networking Hardware and IT
Smart Grid Technological Drivers Demand Response
• End-customers change normal consumption patterns based on changes in electricity price
Leads to products of high efficiency and savings
Advanced Transmission & Distribution
Includes new technologies to enhance power delivery, reliability, security an management (Eg: FACTS, Custom Power)
Self healing, adaptive, accommodates all types of generation & storage options
Distributed energy resources (DER) to supplement conventional generation
Technology Development Needed
Two-way Integrated communication technologies Sub station automation, AMR, Demand response, SCADA
&EMS
Sensing & Measurement technologies To evaluate equipment health, aid in theft control, congestion
management, WAM, Time of use, real-time pricing etc.
Advanced components R&D in superconductivity, large storage systems, FACTS
systems etc.
Technology Development Needed
Advanced control strategies Devices & algorithms that enable rapid doiagnostics and
solutions to grid disturbances
Improved Interfaces & Decision support tools For grid operation Convert complex data into easily understood information for
decision making Visualization techniques Knowledge management
2300
Installed Capacity : 1,37,000 MWPeak Demand : 1,04,000 MWPeak Availability : 96,000 MWEnergy growth : 8-9% / annum
34,280 MW
35240 MW16680
35,800 MW
2440
Surplus Regions
Deficit Regions
NEW Grid
SouthGrid
South
West
NorthEast
Northeast
Five Regional GridsFive Frequencies
October 1991East and Northeast
synchronized
March 2003West synchronized
With East & Northeast
August 2006North synchronized
With Central Grid
Central Grid
Five Regional GridsTwo Frequencies
SalakatiBirpara
DehriSasaram
SahupuriAllahabad North-
eastern
Eastern
Northern
BudhipadarRourkela
KorbaRaipur
Auraiya
Malanpur
Western
Southern
Balimela
Upper Sileru
Jeypore
Gazuwaka
Singrauli
Vindhyachal
Talcher
Kolar
Kota
Ujjain
Gorakhpur MuzaffarpurBalia Patna
BiharshariffBalia
SipatRanchi
Agra
Gwalior
BarhBaliaGayaBaliaSasaram
RanchiWR PoolingZerda
Kankroli
Fatehpur
Agra
NER Pooling3000MW
5000 MW12650MW
3250 MW
3650 MW2700 MW
7250 MW
With Krishnapattanam UMPP
BongaigaonMalda
BongaigaonSiliguri
Chandrapur
Ramagundam
Kolhapur
Nagjhari
Ponda
Belgaum
Inter Regional Links by 2012 – 40,000 MW Capacity
EASTERN REGION
37,150 MW OF INTER-REGIONAL POWER BY 2012
8500 MW
2250 MW8500 MW
7600 MW
2700 MW3600 MW
4000 MW
SOUTHERN REGION
WESTERNREGION
NORTHERN REGION
NORTH-EASTERN REGION
EASTERN REGION
INTER‐REGIONAL LINK CAPACITY BY END OF 11th PLAN (2012)
Peculiarities of Regional Grids in India
SOUTHERN REGION
WESTERNREGION
EASTERN REGION
NORTHERN REGION NORTH-
EASTERN REGION
REGIONAL GRIDS
Deficit Region
Snow fed – run-of –the –river hydro
Highly weather sensitive load
Adverse weather conditions: Fog & Dust Storm
Very low load
High hydro potential
Evacuation problems
Industrial load and agricultural load
Low load
High coal reserves
Pit head base load plants
High load (40% agricultural load)
Monsoon dependent hydro
CHICKEN-NECK
REQUIREMENTS 2022
Installed =145,000 MWProduction=110,000 MWDemand=140,000 MWDeficit =30,000 MW
Installed =80,000 MWProduction=60,000 MWDemand=10,000 MWExport =50,000 MW
Installed =135,000 MWProduction=100,000 MWDemand=130,000 MWDeficit =30,000 MW
-Eastern region/ Installed =106,000 MWProduction=60,000 MWDemand=10,000 MWExport =50,000 MW
Installed =135,000 MW Production=100,000 MWDemand=130,000 MW Deficit =30,000 MW
15,000MW, 2 nos 1200kV,AC15,000MW2 nos 1200kV, AC
20,000MW2nos 1200kV,AC
10,000MWnos 1200kV, AC
27,000MW2 nos 1200kV, AC
23,000MW2 nos 1200kV, AC
Southern region
Western region
Northern region North-Eastern region
/ Sikkim/Bhutan/Mynmar
NEW CHALLENGES TO THE ELECTRICITY NETWORK
Main Challenges being faced by Power Utilities
Increasing demand for energy and electricity
1
RAISING THE NETWORK’S COMPLEXITY
2 Moving towards an environmentally-friendlier energy mix
(lower carbon emissions, more renewable energy…)
3
Volatile energy prices and critical energy losses
4 Emerging large regional transmission networks
Coal
Oil
Gas
NuclearHydroOther
Coal with CCS
Gas
Gas with CCS
Nuclear
Hydro
Other renewablesSolar
Wind
Biomass
For a 50% reduction in CO2 by 2050
2005
46%renewables
Global electricity production
IEA 2008 report on future energy technologies
Scenario for a 50% reduction of CO2 by 2050
Calls for 32 new nuclear power plants per year
46% coming from renewables (including Hydro)
A dramatic penetration of renewable in the energy mix
REINFORCING CUSTOMERS NEEDS
REINFORCING EXISTING NEEDS
Reliability and qualityEnsure security of supply, reliability of the network and quality of the electricity delivered
The network must be smarter with more intelligence at all levels
StabilityMonitor oscillations and manage the network to prevent blackouts and maximize availability of power
Environmental concernsProvide clean energy (CO2 free) and reduce environmental impact
Market efficiencySet up tools and processes to fully enable energy marketsEnable customers / end-users dynamic participation
Energy efficiencyDeliver the maximum of electricity to the end-user, starting from a given quantity of energy and from existing assets
…WITH SUPPORT FROM NEW TECHNOLOGY AND REGULATION
► Emerging governmental energy policies for energy & environmental efficiency: Energy supply Blackout prevention Energy demand management
Energy policies / Regulatory pushEnergy policies / Regulatory push
New technologyCapabilities
New technologyCapabilities
► New technology capabilities Technological Convergence Modeling and simulation Complex systems control Energy storage Power electronics…
© ABB Group July 15, 2009 | Slide 34
Smart Grid Objective
Expectation from a smart grid“A smart grid should deliver electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology to save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. It should also address energy independence, global warmingand emergency resilience issues”
© ABB Group July 15, 2009 | Slide 35
Smart Grid Constraints in Implementation – Indian Scenario
Vast geographical spread of our networksRequirement of large scale project integrationHuge costs
The regulators on one hand have insisted-upon utilities for meeting strict supply reliability, they are also stringent to approving CAPEX for expenditure
Time requirement for implementation
© ABB Group July 15, 2009 | Slide 36
Smart Grid – A Novel Approach Introduction
A proven methodology has been suggested for real time monitoring and smarter distribution grid, the prototype is quite replicable for transmission utilities alsoA real time monitoring systemonline and offline analysis of network Planning, and CAPEX optimizationIt works on a number of inputs and calculation methods
Partly data measurement from SCADAPartly from GIS data-base / ERPPartly from Synthetic load curves of consumers (Statistical tool)Output of a power system simulation / analysis tool NEPLAN®
The entire network may be analyzed, planned and operated on actual hour-by-hour values rather than peak estimates.
© ABB Group July 15, 2009 | Slide 37
The major challenge would be continuous collection of large chunk of data from MV and LV network, processing it into information and reacting to it.
However the proposed prototype of solution is currently working in a system having more than 900,000 customers and associated LV & MV network
Smart Grid – A Novel Approach Solution Overview
© ABB Group July 15, 2009 | Slide 38
Smart Grid – A Novel Approach Data from Primary & Secondary Sub-stations
Primary substations are proposed to be monitored with a traditional SCADA DMS (Distribution Management System). Following data can be imported to Smartgrid -Bus configuration at primary substationsBus voltagesLoad currents at feeder headSwitching state (topology) in MV network
Incoming measurements validation through “Rules Engine”
© ABB Group July 15, 2009 | Slide 39
Smart Grid – A Novel Approach Data from ERP / GIS
In order to build an exact model for continuous calculations, network data can be imported say every 24 hours from two sources - SAP PM and GIS.
MV linesHV/MV and MV/LV transformersNetwork structureLine lengthsSubstation locations Consumer details & Category
© ABB Group July 15, 2009 | Slide 40
Smart Grid – A Novel Approach Load Data
Load data are essential for making a reliable network state estimation. Load data can be collected from a combination of following sources:
Hourly energy sales, remotely read customersHourly energy production, embedded generationAnnual energy sales, small customersTelemetered MV/LV stations
© ABB Group July 15, 2009 | Slide 41
Smart Grid – A Novel Approach Load Data – Large Consumers
It is proposed that large Consumers e.g. Industrial / commercial should be remotely read
This may be used as an estimate for mean load in that specific hour. Power factor if not measured, can be taken into consideration suitably
Hour by hour values can be transformed in 10 minute values by interpolation for comparison with actual measurements.
Hourly energy production, embedded generation – Data treatment Similar to large consumers
© ABB Group July 15, 2009 | Slide 42
Smart Grid – A Novel Approach Load Data – Small Consumers
Minimised mesurement points – crux of the approach, small consumer data to be captured as following
From consumer database, following information for the consumers should be retrieved every 24 hours-
Expected annual consumptionLoad categoryTopological connection to network
Since neither power factor nor reactive power is known, suitable estimate can be made by Smartgrid. Energy sales are then converted into synthetic load curves, detailed in subsequent slides
© ABB Group July 15, 2009 | Slide 43
Smart Grid – A Novel Approach Load Data – Small Consumers – Development of load Curves
The approach would be -Divide customers into different unique categories, it is proposed to
have as many categories as possibleConvert the annual energy sales Q per category to peak load Pmax,
using Velander’s formula:Pmax [kW] = A * Q [MWh] + B * √Q
Where the parameters A and B are determined statically for each category or from up to date load measurements
Convert Pmax to apparent peak power Smax, assuming a mean cos(phi) for the load
Calculate ∑Smax of apparent peak power for all categories and substations on feeder
Since individual peak loads do not occur simultaneously, ∑Smax will exceed peak load measured at feeder head, Smeasured head.
Consequently, substation loads are downscaled by a factor k = Smeasured / ∑Smax
© ABB Group July 15, 2009 | Slide 44
Smart Grid – A Novel Approach Continuous network state estimation
From the information imported to Smartgrid data base, full model including loads and generators is built.
The calculation engine proposed here is NEPLAN®. NEPLAN® calculates load flow using load balancing feature
Calculated flows and voltages are returned to Smartgrid where the ‘virtual’ measurements are stored alongside real measurements with a tag identifying them as virtual.
Should calculations on single feeders or primary substations fail for some reason; the system will notify the operator but continue calculations on remaining part of the network.
© ABB Group July 15, 2009 | Slide 45
Smart Grid – A Novel Approach Off-line analysis with NEPLAN
Smartgrid database can transfer all the network information to NEPLAN in a project file containing the entire network - for any point back in time.
This is a very powerful feature for medium and long term network planningNEPLAN capabilities for online and offline analysis is as listed below -
Load flow with load profilesOptimal distribution networkOptimal separation pointInvestment analysis (Net present value)3-ph and 1-ph load flow (unsymmetrical network, loads)Convergence check, starts from predefined pointArea and zone controlContingency analysis
With single mode / common mode outageRanking of severity of violation
Results in table and online diagram (customizable)Results summary, overloads, voltage violations, comparison of variants.
© ABB Group July 15, 2009 | Slide 46
Smart Grid – A Novel Approach NEPLAN’s Integration with GIS Data-base
• Micro‐Grids : Dispersed Distribution Sources• Smart Grids : defined as the secure integration of two infrastructures – namely, the electrical and the information infrastructure * viewed as an enabling engine that : ‐ is intelligent ‐ is quality focused ‐ is efficient ‐ is flexible‐ self healing
Smart Grid Technological Drivers
AMI
The characteristics of a ‘Smart Grid’?
• Enable Active Participation by Consumers• Accommodate All Generation and Storage Options• Enable New Products, Services, and Markets• Provide Power Quality for the Digital Economy.• Optimize Asset Utilization and Operate Efficiently.• Anticipate and Respond to System Disturbances
(Self‐heal).• Operate Resiliently to Attack and Natural Disaster.
Technical challenges for achieving a ‘Smart Grid’
• Smart equipment. • Communication systems. • Data management. • Cyber Security • Information/data privacy. • Software applications.
• Documentation : Success / Failure stories
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