porifera and cnidaria student guided notes characteristics...
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Porifera and Cnidaria Student Guided Notes
Characteristics of Animals There are approximately ___________________________ recognized by zoologists. We are going to spend the remainder of the course looking at the most common animal phyla. We will start with the simplest phyla and work our way to the most complex. Below is a list of animals you will learn more about.
Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes flat worms
Nematoda Roundwor
ms
Annelida Segmented
Worms
Mollusca Arthropoda Echinoderms
Vertebrates -
Chordata
Sponges Sea anemone
Planarians Ascaris Oligochaeta: Earthworms
Bivalves: clams, oysters, mussels
Spiders Sea urchin
10,000 known species
Coral Flukes Hirudinea: Leeches
Gastropods: Snails, nudibranchs
Crustaceans (crab, lobster)
Sand dollars
Calcareous, glass, coralline (tropical), demosponges (like the bath sponge)
Jellyfish Tapeworms Polychaeta: Chitons Insects Sea star
Hydra Cephalopods: Squid, Octopus
Sea cucumber
How did Animals Evolve? Today it is thought that...
The earliest animal probably _________________________________________ ___________________________________________ (700 mya) Hypothesis: ______________________________________________________ _____________________ and the early animals populated seas, fresh waters, and eventually land
Use the following table to help make comparisons as you move through the rest of the course:
Characteristics of Animals Animals are __________________________________________________________ ______________________________________. Animals can be large, have a stable controlled internal environment and ______________________________________. Animals have two unique types of tissues: ____________________________ for impulse conduction and _____________________________________ for movement (Tissue: several cells working together to do a job)(Organ: made up of several different tissues). As we go through this part of the course look for development of sensory organs and coordination of systems.
Animals are Multicellular and Heterotrophic
What does it mean to be multicellular? - ____________________________________. - usually have different cell types. - ____________________________________ _____________________________________ that benefits the whole animal. - cells work together by forming tissues (____ ____________________________________ ____________________________________). - ____________________________________ ___________________________________ (group of different types of cells working together to perform a common function - ex. heart is formed of muscle and nerve tissue working together). Having many cells allows ________________ _____________________________________. Because of cell specialization the animal can be large. They can also move. This size allow stabilization of the animals internal environment and relative independence from a harsh environment.
What does it mean to be heterotrophic?
Heterotrophs must ingest other organisms or organic material that is decomposing. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. This is the opposite of autotrophic organisms that make their own organic molecule.
Animal Development ___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________. In most
species, small flagellated sperm fertilizes larger non-motile eggs. The zygote goes through
mitotic cell divisions and ____________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________.
During gastrulation,
________________________________
________________________________
_______________________________(a
small dent). ____________________
_____________________. The ___________________ as the inner layer and the
________________ as the outer layer.
After gastrulation there are two patterns of development:
1. ____________________ - the blastopore develops into the _____________.
2. ____________________ - the blastopore develops into the ______________.
Classifying Animals ****This is very important***** As you learn about the various phylum you will be asked to compare them based on these criteria.
Animals, being such a diverse kingdom, are classified into phyla based on a variety of characteristics. Those characteristics include: ________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Level of Organization, Body Cavity, and Body Plan Levels of organization from simplest to most complex is ______________________________
____________________________________. Although many animals have the highest level
of organization, ___________________________, some are only organized at the
__________________________. This means that __________________________________.
Those that do have tissues can be distinguished from those with organs _________________
__________________________________________________. If an animal develops with
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________. If an organism has ________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________. Not all animals have all ______________
__________________________________________________________________________.
1. __________________________________________ -
body plan is a blind sac or ______________________.
With this type of body plan food goes in the same
opening waste comes out of. Examples of acoelomates
are Cnidarians (ex. Jellyfish) and Platyhelminthes
(flatworms).
2. __________________________________________
- body plan is a _______________________________.
A tube-within-a-tube has a separate digestive system
(inside tube) surrounded by the body (outside tube).
This allows for more specialization of tissues as
different sections of the tube develop to perform
different roles. _______________________________
___________________________________________.
An example of a pseudocoelomates are ____________
_________________________________.
3. _____________________________________
or body cavity - body plan is a _______________
_________________________________, but
_______________________________________
_______________________. These organisms
often have ______________________________
__________________________. Coelomates
include _________________________________
_____________________________________, Mollusca (mollusks), Echinodermata (ex. sea
star)
Organization Practice Exercises
Types of Symmetry and Segmentation Symmetry describes __________________________________________________________
Animals can be asymmetrical, radially symmetrical, or
bilaterally symmetrical.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________.
No matter how you slice it both sides will be of a
different shape. These animals are often sessile or
non-motile.
__________________________________________
____________________________________________________________. These animals
can be compared to round objects such as bowls, tires, or wheels. These animals are often,
but not always sedentary.
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________. They can only be cut one way to produce two equal halves. These
animals are ____________________________________________________________. The
word cephalization comes from the root word cephalon which _________________. Although
not all animals with cephalization have a distinct head, they will have ___________________
_____________________________________. This nervous tissue is found only in animals.
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________.
The _____________________________________________ is referred to as segmentation.
This ____________________________________________________________ as different
segments can specialize for different roles.
Porifera
Introduction to Sponges "... the subject is actually repulsive in its difficulties'' - Carter (1875) on the study of sponges
Phylum Porifera The simplicity of this group led to the frustration of scientists such as Carter for many years. Being ____________________________ and __________________________________________________ are __________________________________________________ _________________________. For these reasons they were often classified as plants. However, upon examination of their _____________________________ _________________________________it was determined that _______________________ ___________________________. The term ________________________________________. The "pore bearers" are the sponges and are thought to be one of the oldest multicellular species. Fossils of sponge spicules have been found in the precambrian era rock layers dating to 600 million years ago.
It is the sponges with a spongin skeleton that are dried and used commercially. The skeleton of these animals was used as a washing sponge before synthetic sponges became common. They can still sometimes be purchased as a "sea sponge" for sponge painting or you may find that the sponge that you have been bathing with is really an animal. Did you know that the bath sponge actually received its name from the animal and not the other way around.
The are about 9000 different species of Sponges.
SIZE
Sponges range in size from as small as 0.5 cm tall to as large as 2 meters tall.
HABITAT
mostly warm marine waters ____________________________________________________
do exist. example: Grantia
Characteristics of Sponges BODY ORGANIZATION Sponges have _______________________________________ because they have no true mesoderm. ________________________________________________________________. In addition, they _____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________. . Sponges have many pores on their surface that are both _____________________________ ______________________________________. These multicellular sponges ____________________________________. 1. Endoderm – inside skin. 2. Ectoderm – outside skin, protective.
The “middle area” contains ______________________________
____________________________________.
______________________________________ in the middle
layer _______________________________________________
___________________ (hence the name). _________________
____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________. They also carry
oxygen to other cells, dispose of waste products, and maintain the structure of the sponge.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
MOVEMENT
The _________________________________ (moving) and can swim. The _______________
______________________ (non-moving). Adults are attached to substrate such as rocks.
Classes of Sponges
Demospongea – _______ ___________________________________________.
Hexactinellida – ___________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Glass sponges - hexactinellids.
Calcarea - _______________ ______________________________________________________________
Sponge Reefs were thought to be abundant during the Jurassic period 200 million years ago.
These reefs were thought to be extinct until 4 reefs
were found in the early 1990s. Sponge reefs are
restricted to temperate
Pacific coastal waters.
Such reefs exist in
Hecate Strait and
Queen Charlotte
Sound.
Feeding in Sponges A sponge that is 10cm tall must filter more then 100L of water a day to stay alive!! In feeding, __________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ______________________. The sponge is a _____________________ and ___________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________. The food particles are then either digested by the collar cell or passed to an amoeboid-like cell for digestion and circulation.
Review of Feeding in Sponges
Not a true digestive system.
_______________________ – food enters with water.
Water enters via tiny pores (ostia) = incurrent.
Water exits via massive pore (osculum) = excurrent.
Collar cells (choanocytes) engulf and digest food.
Reproduction in Sponges Both _________________________________________________________ occur in
sponges. _________________________________________________________________
_______________. In _____________________________, a piece breaks off and forms a
separate animal. In __________________, the animal reproduces by growing a second
sponge from the side of the parent that eventually detaches. During sexual reproduction, an
egg and sperm combine to form a flagellated zygote which can swim to a new location.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM – not a true system.
Again we see sperm and eggs are specialized cells.
Sponges are monoecious meaning a sponge can make both egg and sperm.
Other Systems in Sponges
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM – not a true system
- _____________________________________
__________________________________ (O2
diffuses into and CO2 out of cells).
-water enters via tiny pores (ostia) = incurrent
-water exits via massive pore (osculum) =
excurrent
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM – not a true system
-specialized cells = _______________________
__________________________________ to
other cells in the sponge.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM – not a true system
-specialized cells = ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________.
-Water enter via ostia = incurrent.
-Water exits via osculum = excurrent.
NERVOUS SYSTEM – NONE
MUSCULAR SYSTEM – NONE
SKELETAL SYSTEM – NONE
Economic Importance
Sponges are used for ________________
(spicules of spongin). They have the ability to hold large amounts of water. Sponges have now
been replaced with synthetic materials for cleaning.
Natural sponges are still harvested from the Gulf of Mexico. ___________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
Cnidaria
Introduction to Cnideria Phylum Cnidaria includes animals such as _________________________________________
___________________________.
Cnidae refers to the creatures’ “_____________________________” and they are commonly
called "sea nettles". Nettles are a stinging plant.
Cnidarians are further up the “evolution ladder” meaning _____________________________
__________________________________ (sponges).
There is estimated to be approximately 10 000 species of
Cnidarians.
The habitat for most cnidarians is ___________________
(marine = salt water) but some species live in _________
___________.
______________________________________________
_______________________________________. The
medusa form (bell-shaped) __________________ (moving)
while the _______________________________
_______________________________ (non-moving). Some
cnidarians exist in both forms throughout their life cycle
showing an ________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
The size of cnidarians ranges from as small as a 0.5 cm tall bell up to a 2.4 m diameter with
tentacles ranging upwards of 50 meters.
FACT: Cnidarians have a single external opening that serves as both the mouth and the anus!
Characteristics of Cnidarians Cnidarians are a _______________________________ animal. They can be ____________ ______________________ and some species will have life cycle stages of each. They have an _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________. These _____________________________ lead to a tissue level of organization. _______________ _____________________________________________________________. The gastrodermis surrounds the center of the body which is called the ______________________ ____________________________________________________________. That is, food enters the same opening that waste is excreted through. Tentacles are arranged to surround the mouth. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ are examples of polyps. The difference being that corals have a calcium carbonate skeleton while sea anemones _______ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________
Stinging Cells For capturing prey and for defence _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ which contains a coiled hollow thread. These nematocysts are triggered to discharge by direct contact or other external stimulus. The thread will uncoil when the cnidarian is touched and spear the prey or predator. The spines help anchor the stinging thread into the prey. In some species these threads _______________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________. This is why handling jellyfish can cause the skin to numb or in more severe cases cause muscle paralysis and heart failure. In some areas of the globe large numbers of jellyfish cause beach closures. The sting of a Box jellyfish may cause death in as little as 3 to 20 minutes.
Classes of Cnidarians: There are four Classes of Cnidarians;
Class Hydrozoa: Examples are Hydroids. Class Scyphozoa: Example is the Floppy jellyfish. Class Cubozoa: Examples are the Box jellyfish. Class Anthozoa: Examples are Sea anemones and Corals.
Class Hydrozoa
This class of cnidarian includes approxiamtely 3,700 species. Most live in colonial organizations in the oceans. Example: Physalia – __________________________________. Its gas filled float keeps the colony at the surface of ocean. Tentacles can be up to 20m long and the nematocysts poison can be fatal.
Colonialism in Hydroids Hydroids live in finely-branched colonies. Individual hydroid polyps are connected to each other by their gastrovascular cavity. There are different kinds of polyps in the colony. Gastrozooid feeding polyps have many tentacles for catching plankton. Dactylozooid defense polyps use nematocysts to catch prey or deter predators. Gonozooid reproductive polyps produce medusoids (tiny jellyfish like structures). Ex. ___________ _____________________________________________________
_____________ exist only as polyps and are not colonial. They live in fresh water such as quiet ponds, lakes, and streams. Hydra range from 1-4 cm in length and are white or brown in color. They attach themselves to rocks or water plants by means of a sticky secretion produced by cells in the hydra’s base. __________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ when low temperatures trigger the development of eggs and sperm.
Draw one here:
More on the Hydra
As previously stated, __________________________________________________________
____________________________ in most lakes and ponds. __________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________. During
development the endoderm and ectoderm produce different tissues. ____________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________. Tentacles are used for
prey capture and are controlled by muscle fibres and a _______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
Hydra ____________________
_____________________ by
producing testis or ovaries in the
body wall, but do not enter a life
cycle with a medusa. Instead,
the sperm and egg will combine
and grow to form a polyp.
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________.
Label the Hydra Label the Hydra
Class Scyphozoa
This class of Cnidarians are referred to as
"cup" animals. This shape describes the
________________ form. There are more
then 200 species known commonly as
jellyfish. They can have tentacles up to 7m
long. _____________________________
___________________________________________________________________________.
Life cycle of a Jellyfish (Aurelia)
To reproduce the _______________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
____________________________________.
A zygote is formed followed by a blastula
which leads to a planula (ciliated larva) and
finally a new polyp.
Class Anthozoa The term Anthozoa means
“___________________________________”. There
are approximately 6,100 marine species.
Examples are
_______________________......................._______
_________________________________________
_____________________________. When they die
their hardened skeletons remain and over time build
up into ____________________________. Coral
reefs are restricted within 30 degrees north or south of the equator as they require sunlight.
Corals get the majority of there food energy from photosynthetic algae.
Phylum Ctenophora There are approximately 100 species of Ctenophora. The
term “_____________________________” refers to the
_____________________________________________
that run along the outside. Unlike jelly fish ____________
______________________________________________.
They are the largest organism to move this way. Ctenophora
resemble jellyfish and are called _____________________.
Comb jellies have _______________________. They
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________. Colloblasts are
normally located on 2 tentacles. They also _____________
_______________________________________________
________________________________________________________. The most striking of
these species are bio-luminescent so can produce light.
Cnidarian Body Systems
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – not a true system.
-Food enters gastrovascular cavity via mouth.
-Extracellular digestion (enzymes secreted into cavity).
-Cells lining the cavity absorb digested nutrient and smaller food particles.
The relationship between structure and function is clearly seen in the way cnidarians feed. The
tentacles capture small animals with their nematocysts and paralyze them by injecting poison.
The tentacles then push the prey into their gastrovascular cavity through the mouth. Once in
the mouth enzymes found here break up the prey and the cells lining the cavity absorb the
nutrients.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM – not a true system.
-Nutrients and gasses _____________________ directly across the thin cell layers.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM – not a true system.
-Gas exchange directly between cells and water by _________________ (O2 diffuses into and
CO2 out of cells) both across epidermis and gastrovascular tissues.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM – not a true
system.
-Waste diffuses from cells into
gastrovascular cavity and is then released
through the mouth.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM – NONE.
-No muscle cells but some cells can
contract and relax (e.g. in the tentacles).
SKELETAL SYSTEM – NONE.
NERVOUS SYSTEM – a basic system.
-A ______________________________
____________________ that react to
presence of food and danger for the
purposes of feeding and protection.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Many cnidarians alternate between ____________________________________ forms in their
life cycle. ___________________________________________________________________.
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