population genetics ii - find people

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Population Genetics II

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Populations as Genetic Reservoirs

• Population –A group of interbreeding organisms

belonging to a single species • Gene pool

–Set of genetic information carried by the members of a sexually reproducing population

• Allelic frequency–Frequency of an allele is present in the

population

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Distribution of Humans

Fig. 19.1

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg

• Large population• No selection; all genotypes survive

and reproduce equally• Random mating• No mutation or migration

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Change in allele frequencies in Human Populations

• 5 mechanisms• Which assumption not

valid?

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Mutations Generate New Alleles

• Mutation alone has minimal impact on the genetic variability in the population

• Drift, migration, and selection determine the frequency of alleles in the population

Fig. 19.6

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Changing Allelic Frequencies

• Genetic drift– Random fluctuations in allelic frequencies from

generation to generation in a small population• Founder effects

– Allelic frequencies due to change in a population started by a small number of individuals

• Natural selection– Unequal reproductive success that is a result

of differences in fitness

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Founder Effect on Tristan de Cuhna

Fig. 19.7

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Gene Flow

• homogenizing force • calculate changes in allele

frequency due to migration

• ∆p = m(pm – po)• M= fraction of migrants

to original population• Pm= allele freq of

migrating population• Po= allele freq of

original population

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

MigrationB allele of Blood types

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Non-Random Mating

• assortative mating • loss of heterozygotes• disassortative mating• Inbreeding depression• Higher levels of

genetic diseases

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Natural selection

• Differential reproductive success

• Selection coefficient• Relative fitness of

genotypes

Complete selection against recessive

qn = qo/ (1+ nqo)

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Natural Selection and Frequency of Genetic Disorders

Examples• Lactose intolerance• Duchenne muscular dystrophy• Sickle cell anemia• Tay-Sachs disease

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Plasmodium Parasites Attacking RBC

Fig. 19.8

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Distribution of Sickle Cell Anemia and Malaria

Fig. 19.9

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Heterozygote advantage

• Sickle cell anemia • balanced polymorphism • Why is Hbs maintained in the population? • What happens in US to allele frequency?

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Measuring Genetic Diversity

Duffy blood group alleles• FY*A, FY*B, and FY*O• Frequency of FY*O in West Africans close

to 100%• Frequency of FY*O in Europeans close to

0%• Measure the frequency of FY*A and FY*B

in U.S. black population to estimate genetic mixing between populations

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Frequency of FY*A

Fig. 19.10

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Are There Races?

• Most genetic variation is present within populations

• Minimal variation among populations, including those classified as different racial groups

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Genetic Variation

The variation within a population is greater than the variation between populations

Fig. 19.11

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Homo sapiens

• Combination of anthropology, paleontology, archaeology, and genetics used to study the dispersal of human populations

• Evidence suggests North and South America were populated by migrations during the last 15,000 or 30,000 years

Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

Appearance and Spread of Homo sapiens

Fig. 19.12