population genetics ii - find people
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Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Population Genetics II
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Populations as Genetic Reservoirs
• Population –A group of interbreeding organisms
belonging to a single species • Gene pool
–Set of genetic information carried by the members of a sexually reproducing population
• Allelic frequency–Frequency of an allele is present in the
population
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Distribution of Humans
Fig. 19.1
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg
• Large population• No selection; all genotypes survive
and reproduce equally• Random mating• No mutation or migration
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Change in allele frequencies in Human Populations
• 5 mechanisms• Which assumption not
valid?
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Mutations Generate New Alleles
• Mutation alone has minimal impact on the genetic variability in the population
• Drift, migration, and selection determine the frequency of alleles in the population
Fig. 19.6
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Changing Allelic Frequencies
• Genetic drift– Random fluctuations in allelic frequencies from
generation to generation in a small population• Founder effects
– Allelic frequencies due to change in a population started by a small number of individuals
• Natural selection– Unequal reproductive success that is a result
of differences in fitness
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Founder Effect on Tristan de Cuhna
Fig. 19.7
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Gene Flow
• homogenizing force • calculate changes in allele
frequency due to migration
• ∆p = m(pm – po)• M= fraction of migrants
to original population• Pm= allele freq of
migrating population• Po= allele freq of
original population
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
MigrationB allele of Blood types
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Non-Random Mating
• assortative mating • loss of heterozygotes• disassortative mating• Inbreeding depression• Higher levels of
genetic diseases
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Natural selection
• Differential reproductive success
• Selection coefficient• Relative fitness of
genotypes
Complete selection against recessive
qn = qo/ (1+ nqo)
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Natural Selection and Frequency of Genetic Disorders
Examples• Lactose intolerance• Duchenne muscular dystrophy• Sickle cell anemia• Tay-Sachs disease
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Plasmodium Parasites Attacking RBC
Fig. 19.8
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Distribution of Sickle Cell Anemia and Malaria
Fig. 19.9
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Heterozygote advantage
• Sickle cell anemia • balanced polymorphism • Why is Hbs maintained in the population? • What happens in US to allele frequency?
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Measuring Genetic Diversity
Duffy blood group alleles• FY*A, FY*B, and FY*O• Frequency of FY*O in West Africans close
to 100%• Frequency of FY*O in Europeans close to
0%• Measure the frequency of FY*A and FY*B
in U.S. black population to estimate genetic mixing between populations
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Frequency of FY*A
Fig. 19.10
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Are There Races?
• Most genetic variation is present within populations
• Minimal variation among populations, including those classified as different racial groups
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Genetic Variation
The variation within a population is greater than the variation between populations
Fig. 19.11
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Homo sapiens
• Combination of anthropology, paleontology, archaeology, and genetics used to study the dispersal of human populations
• Evidence suggests North and South America were populated by migrations during the last 15,000 or 30,000 years
Chapter 19 Human Heredity by Michael Cummings ©2006 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning
Appearance and Spread of Homo sapiens
Fig. 19.12