plant morphology michael g. simpson plant structure terms used for a specific structure/organ
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Plant Morphology
Michael G. Simpson
Plant Structure Terms
Used for a specific structure/organ
Plant Habit= general form of a plant, encompassing stem duration and
branching pattern, development, or texture.
Herb - plant with annual above-ground parts
Geophyte - perennial herb with rootstock
Vine - weak stemmed
Liana - woody vine
Shrub - woody, multiple stems from base
Subshrub - woody just above ground
Tree - woody, one trunk
Plant Duration= how long a plant lives.
Annual- ≤ 1 year
Biennial- 2 years
Perennial- 3 or more years
Plant Habitat= environment where plant lives.
Terrestrial
Aquatic
Submersed
Floating
Emergent
Epiphytic
Saxicolous
Plant Life Form= structure, life cycle, physiology.
Therophyte – annual
Geophyte – perennial herb
Epiphyte – plant growing on another plant
Halophyte – salt-adapted plants
Succulent – plant with fleshy leaves or stems
Xerophyte – plant living in dry, hot environments
Roots
Function - absorption, anchorage
Structure - rootcap, root hairs, endodermis
Adventitious roots - arise from non-root organ
Lateral roots - arise from another root (1˚, 2˚, etc.)
Root Types/Parts
taproot fibrous prop haustorial
Root Types/Parts
storage roots Raphanus sativus, radish
Root Types/Parts
buttress roots Ficus rubiginosa, rusty-leaved fig
Root Types/Parts
pneumatophores Avicennia germinans, black mangrove
Root Types/Parts
prop roots (also adventitious)
Shoot
= stem + associated leaves
Each leaf primordium develops into one leaf.
Caryota sp. Arecaceae
ca. 20 feet long!
Stem (Shoot) Types
areole bulb caudex caudiciform stem
Stem (Shoot) Types
cladode corm culm fascicle/short shoot
rhizome
Stem (Shoot) Types
scape stolon/runner thorn tiller tendril tuber
Stem (Shoot) Types
pachycaul pseudobulb
Stem Habit=relative position of stem (+ growth, structure)
acaulescent caulescent cespitose
prostrate
repent
arborescent suffrutescent decumbent
Stem Branching Pattern
monopodial dichotomous
sympodial
sympodial
Twig Structure
collateral superposed
pseudoterminal naked infrapetiolar
Leaf Structural Type
bractbractlets
scale
phyllodespine tendril (leaf) unifacial leaf
Leaf Structural Type
Bract (flower) Epicalyx Bud Scale
Leaf Structural Type
Phyllode - Acacia spp. (Fabaceae)
Leaf Structural Type
Tendril - Lathyrus (Fabaceae)
Leaf Structural Type
Stipular Spine - Euphorbia spp. (Euphorbiaceae)
Leaf Structural Type
Petiolar Spine - Fouquieria splendens Ocotillo (Fouquieriaceae)
Leaf Structural Type
Leaf Spine (arising from areole) - Cactaceae
Sharp things
thorn - sharp-pointed stem/shoot (fr. axillary bud)
spine - sharp-pointed leaf or leaf part leaf spine (also leaflet spine) stipular spine petiolar spine
prickle - sharp pointed epidermal appendage
Leaf Structural Type
Pitcher Leaf - Nepenthes (Nepenthac.) Sarracenia (Sarraceniac.)
Leaf Structural Type
Tentacular Leaf - Drosera spp Sundew (Droseraceae)
Leaf Structural Type
Trap Leaf - Dionaea muscipula Venus Fly Trap (Droseraceae)
Leaf Structural Type
Dionaea muscipula Venus Fly Trap (Droseraceae)
Leaf Structural Type
unifacial
Iris sp.
Seismonasty
Mimosa pudica Fabaceae
Leaf Type / Parts
simple pinnatelycompound
imparipinnate
paripinnate bipinnatelycompound
Leaf Type / Parts
ternately compound= trifoliolate
palmate-ternate pinnate-ternate biternately compound
palmatelycompound
Leaf Type / Parts
unifoliolate
geminate
bigeminate geminate-pinnate costa-palmate
petiolate sessile sheathing decurrent amplexicaul perfoliate connate-perfoliate
Leaf Venation
Leaf Venation
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