pia 2574 governance and the failure of the african state theme: institutions and the “new”...
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PIA 2574Governance and the Failure
of the African State
Theme: Institutions and the “New” Africa
“An Editorial?”
Corny but…
Overview of Themes
1. Sovereignty
2. Debates About Democracy
3. Traditionalism
4. Institutionalism
5. Collapse
6. Reasons for Collapse
Sovereignty
The Primacy of the African Nation-State- How sovereign
a. Impact of trans-national actors
b. Issue of micro-states
c. Rational Actor model- public or social choice theory
Swaziland; 6,000 square milesPopulation, 1.1 million
The Primacy of the African Nation-State- How sovereign
d. Collective choice is it non-rational? Is it more than an aggregate of individuals?
e. The role of international regimes- UN, World Bank, IMF, etc. New International Order (NIO)
Governance and Sovereignty-
Rules of the Game politics: Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics
"Splintering"- the break up of states- centrifugal forces
Interest Group Liberalism-how real?
Civil Society as organizational, not individual, or the mass.
Or the Leipzig Option (Mass Action)
Governance and Sovereignty-
The need for apathy?
Constitutional vs. social stability
Institutional structures and Checks and balances:
South African Political Poster
Debates about Democracy
Democracy: What is it?
Democracy and:
1. Governance
2. Local Government
3. Civil Society
Definitions of Democracy: Review
Presidential Systems- Separation of Powers
Parliamentary systems- Representation and Fusion
Traditional Africa- Consensus and hierarchy
Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy
Populism vs. Minority rights
Shifting majorities
Problem with
Plebiscites
Guinea 1958 “No” Vote
Review: James Madison and Democracy:
The problem with majorities
Tyranny
Factions
Types of Democracy
• Direct Democracy
• Indirect Democracy
• Pluralism vs. Polyarchy
• Civil Society
• Cooperative Movement
Democracy?
Definitions of Democracy in Africa
The First Issue: Opposition vs. Consensus
The Second Issue: “A Chief is a Chief by the People”
South Africa’s Parliament
Traditional Society and Democracy
Forms of Traditional Influence in Local Government
Grass Roots- traditional governance mechanisms governance in sub-Saharan Africa
The Answer or the Problem?
Defining Democracy
Village democracy and talking things out
Ubuntu, Ujamaa and Humanism
How Collective, How Market Friendly
Traditionalism
Ashante, Ghana
Ethnicity, Class and Religion
Contextual- intensification of ethnic identity- and the reverse
Ethnicity as Nationalism
Ethnicity and Class
Zulu Clan- Early 20th Century
How Chiefs Influence Governance
Continued influence and high status of those who hold “tribal” authority (Dyarchy)
Presence in high political and administrative positions of those who are descendents or relatives of traditional leaders
Status without official sanction but consists of party functionaries or bureaucrats
Forms of Traditional Influence on Local Level Governance
Bicameral- Traditional Elites represented in an Upper House
Unicameral- Preserved Traditional Seats in Legislature
Grassroots: Traditional Mechanisms of Governance at sub-district, area or village level
Zambia House of Chiefs
Forms of Traditional Influence on Local Level Governance
Full Meetings (Town Hall Style) Consensus by Direct Democracy
Pure Traditional Representation- Traditional Councils (Appointed)
Partial- Councils which are half elected and half traditional
GIS trainer Kent Burger with Tawana Botswana Land Board participants
Forms of Traditional Influence on Local Level Governance Technical and Deconcentrated Boards.
Department heads and Traditional Representatives
Specialized through the Traditional judicial Function
Triangular-2 traditional, 2 elected councilors and two appointed by central government (eg. Land Boards)
Traditional Elites
Inherited States failed to deal with Traditional Leadership
Continuing Influence of Traditional Elites regardless of formal standing and regime type
Tanganyika Chiefs 1961
Traditional Leadership in Tanzania
Tanzania Abolishes Chiefs in 1960s
Study of Political Party Activists (Norman Miller)
Many activists are former traditional elites or relatives of chiefs and sub-chiefs
Traditional Leadership in Tanzania
Informally the Party remained highly dependent upon traditional leaders on an informal basis
Traditional political values still socialize people (both in urban and rural areas)
Party informally accepts traditional roles as long as it give loyalty to the party
Zimbabwe Traditional Leaders
Traditional Influence-Review
1. Full Meeting (Town Hall style)- Direct Democracy
2. Pure Form- Traditional Councils (Appointed)
3. Partial- Half Elected/Half Traditional 4. Technical- deconcentrated.
Department heads and Traditional (No Elections
Traditional Influence
5. Specialized- Judicial Function
6. Specialized Partial- Land Board (2 Trad., 2 LG, 2 Cen. Gov.)
7. Bicameral- Traditional as an upper house
African Justice?
Brief Discussion
So What about Traditionalism?
Ten Minute Break
Remember Purposeful Penny Coffee: 8:30-12:30 Monday-Friday
Institutionalism
THE INSTITUTIONAL STATE
What is the "Institutional State?“
Why is it important?
The importance of political institutions
Rules and processes (formal and informal) are essential
The Institutional State:
Civil Society
Institutionalized
Norms
Stable Government
The Institutional State:
Permanent Government: The Administrative apparatus
Goal: Muted Cultural Differences
Defining Bureaucracy- the permanent government
The Institutional State
Institutionalized Norms and Rules
Diverse and Representative Civil Society
Stable Government Structures
Muted Cultural Differences
Elinor Ostrom
The Institutional State
Decentralized (Devolved) Government Structures
Effective Permanent Government (The Administrative Apparatus)
Middle Class Social Compact
Incorporate Traditional Governance
Collapse
The Current Image
The Institutional State: The Reality
Breakdown of Governance
Bureaucracy and
Corruption
Military Coups
The Institutional State: The Reality
Self Serving Bureaucrats
Bureaucratic Elites
Civil War-Violence: Inter-state Conflict and African Development
Reasons for Collapse
Explanations
1. Ethnicity
2. Ideology
3. Military
4. Colonial Borders
5. Institutional Neglect
6. International Issues
Ethnicity: Congo Wars
Ethnicity, Class and ReligionTheories of Ethnicity: Review
Primordialism
Ethnicity and Religion
cultural sub-nationalism
Changing Context
Ghana
Martin Staniland, The Lions of Dagbon: Political Change in Northern Ghana (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975)
Ideology: How Important
African regimes regardless of ideology are state centric
Skimmed public resources
Extensive corruption
Irrelevance of Ideology
Patriarchal leadership
Organizational elites
Collapse of the social contract with the state centered middle class
South Africa 2008
The Viability of ColonialBorders
System collapse in central Africa, 1990-2004
Invading armies: Uganda, Rwanda, Namibia and Zimbabwe
5.4 Million Deaths in Congo. Africa’s World War
Somali Refugees
The Military: How Important?
The Ivory Coast Model: Triumph and Tragedy Geography and Ethnicity
North- Muslim, Mande;
South: East, Akan, Christian; West, Kru, links with Liberia and Guinea
The Ivory Coast Miracle
The death of the Founding President: Felix Houphouet Boigny
Tragedy in West Africa
New York Times: The next “state collapse in Africa” Ivory Coast- Has it?
Ghana’s North?
Assassination and tension in Dagbon
The next Crisis can happen anywhere
Africa’s RealityBreakdown of Governance
Corruption
Military Coups and Authoritarianism
Self Serving Bureaucrats
Bureaucratic Elites
State Debt
Above all the problem of the Zero-Sum Game. The Inability to Compromise
Military Intervention: narrow, ethnic interests or military regimes, 1970s-1990s
Uganda: Obote, Amin and Museveni
Zaire: Mobutu and “Big Manism”
Somalia, Ethiopia: Totalitarianism and Anarchy
Liberia and Sierra Leone: militarized ethnicity and Child Soldiers
Uganda Letter
Uganda Letter Page 2
Institutional Negelct: Rules and Institutions
Balance between mobilization and political institutions
Samuel P. Huntington
The Failure of Institutional Development
Problem of Inherited Institutions Mobilization- High, Institutionalization
Low
Failure of political institutions
Military- failure to contain political demands
Rules and Institutions
Adaptability rather than rigidity
Complexity rather than simple
Coherence rather than disunity
Devolution and autonomy rather than subordinate state structures
Congo
Abandonment of Africa by the international community
Problem of “race” and racial sensitivity
Perception of “primordial tribalism” in Africa- Violence and starvation since independence
Donor fatigue: Debt and the End of the Cold War
Foreigners as Invaders: “Tarzan [is still] an Expatriate?”
International Community?
International Neglect and Collapse of the African International System
Lack of interest of international community
Civil War-Violence, Inter-state Conflict and African Development
Libya- Only concern: The Oil?
Discussion
Should Zapiro be contained?
Note: So Called “Adult Content”
Issues to be Discussed Next Two Slides
Discussion: How can the African crisis be addressed?
How do we assess the role of the media? Should CNN be banned in Africa?
What argument do our authors make about the nature of the African crisis? Critique them
What picture of Northern influence over African states does the reading give us?
At Issue
Primacy of democratic governance or “contained political structures”
Discussion: Is this important?
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